Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A review of recent paradigms and advances in epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and management

Table 2 The histological features and genetic alterations in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia

	PanIN-1	PanIN-2	PanIN-3
Histology	Columnar epithelial cells with basally oriented uniform and round nuclei	More nuclear changes such as loss of nuclear polarity, pleomorphism, hyperchromasia and nuclear pseudostratification	Cribriform pattern, budding cells into lumen and nuclear changes
Genetic changes	K-Ras mutations	CDKN2A mutations	TP53 loss
	Telomere shortening		SMAD4 loss
			BRCA2 loss

PanIN: Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia.