High fecal calprotectin levels are associated with SARS-CoV-2 intestinal shedding in COVID-19 patients: A proof-of-concept study

Table 2 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 patients with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 fecal detection, n (%)

	Overall, n = 51	Patients without fecal SARS-CoV-2, n = 12	Patients with fecal SARS-CoV-2, n = 39	Significance
Gender, male	40 (78.4)	12 (100)	28 (71.8)	NS
Age	64 (57; 71)	62 (57; 68)	65 (56; 72)	NS
Hypertension	34 (66.6)	6 (50)	28 (71.8)	NS
Heart disease	13 (25.5)	1 (8.3)	12 (30.8)	NS
Diabetes	13 (25.5)	2 (16.6)	11 (28.2)	NS
COPD	5 (9.8)	0 (0)	5 (12.8)	NS
CKD	5 (9.8)	1 (8.3)	4 (10.25)	NS
Active smokers	2 (3.9)	1 (8.3)	1 (2.6)	NS
Obesity	13 (25.5)	0 (0)	13 (33.3)	P = 0.021
WBC (cell count/μL)	6730 (5256; 9110)	6105 (4870; 8400)	7110 (5525; 9115)	P = 0.038
Neutrophils (cell count/μL)	5455 (3700; 7760)	4390 (3485; 7417)	5550 (3965; 8110)	P = 0.035
CRP (mg/L)	74 (27; 131)	113 (88; 150)	58 (24.5; 125)	P = 0.029
D-dimer (ng/Ml FEU)	720 (545; 1061)	580 (402; 791)	723 (562; 1157)	P = 0.011
Fecal calprotectin (mg/kg)	60 (21.5; 108)	39 (14; 71)	74 (29; 132.5)	P < 0.001
Diarrhea	41 (80.4)	0 (0)	29 (74.35)	P < 0.001
Deceased	3 (5.9)	0 (0)	3 (7.7)	NS
Hospital stay	5 (2.5; 8)	3 (2; 5)	5 (3; 9.75)	NS

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; NS: Not significant; WBC: White blood cells; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.