Repeatedly elevated γ-glutamyltransferase levels are associated with an increased incidence of digestive cancers: A population-based cohort study

Table 2 Incidence of all digestive cancers, gastrointestinal cancers (including esophagus, stomach and colorectal cancers), and hepatobiliary pancreatic cancers (including liver, biliary tract and pancreas) according to the γ-glutamyltransferase points

GGT points	Number	Event	Duration	IR per 1000	Age-adjusted	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
					IR (95%CI)	HR (95%CI)	HR (95%CI)	HR (95%CI)
Men
Total digestive cancer
0	1595879	17789	10257993.68	1.734	3.20 (3.14, 3.26)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
1	260084	4058	1667865.93	2.433	4.19 (3.88, 4.52)	1.40 (1.36, 1.45)	1.30 (1.26, 1.34)	1.28 (1.24, 1.33)
2	177029	2982	1133122.25	2.632	4.70 (4.25, 5.19)	1.52 (1.46, 1.58)	1.43 (1.38, 1.49)	1.40 (1.35, 1.46)
3	181702	3341	1161757.06	2.876	5.06 (4.63, 5.53)	1.66 (1.60, 1.72)	1.57 (1.51, 1.62)	1.52 (1.46, 1.58)
4	355079	8106	2250566.91	3.602	6.36 (6.14, 6.59)	2.08 (2.03, 2.13)	1.96 (1.91, 2.01)	1.88 (1.83, 1.94)
P for trend						< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Gastrointestinal cancer
0	1595879	14709	10263671.88	1.433	2.64 (2.59, 2.69)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
1	260084	3023	1669790.42	1.810	3.11 (2.87, 3.37)	1.26 (1.22, 1.31)	1.17 (1.12, 1.22)	1.12 (1.08, 1.17)
2	177029	2169	1134702.18	1.912	3.39 (3.03, 3.78)	1.33 (1.28, 1.40)	1.26 (1.20, 1.32)	1.18 (1.13, 1.24)
3	181702	2372	1163597.98	2.039	3.55 (3.21, 3.93)	1.42 (1.36, 1.49)	1.34 (1.28, 1.40)	1.24 (1.19, 1.30)
4	355079	5075	2256426.45	2.249	3.94 (3.76, 4.12)	1.57 (1.52, 1.62)	1.48 (1.43, 1.53)	1.34 (1.29, 1.39)
P for trend						< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Hepatobiliary pancreatic cancer
0	1595879	5616	10294767.52	0.546	1.01 (0.98, 1.03)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
1	260084	1584	1675373.07	0.945	1.62 (1.49, 1.76)	1.73 (1.64, 1.83)	1.60 (1.52, 1.70)	1.65 (1.56, 1.75)
2	177029	1217	1138317.76	1.069	1.92 (1.73, 2.13)	1.96 (1.84, 2.09)	1.86 (1.75, 1.98)	1.93 (1.82, 2.06)
3	181702	1399	1167524.64	1.198	2.13 (1.95, 2.34)	2.20 (2.07, 2.33)	2.08 (1.96, 2.21)	2.18 (2.05, 2.32)
4	355079	4109	2262184.82	1.816	3.22 (3.13, 3.32)	3.34 (3.20, 3.47)	3.16 (3.04, 3.29)	3.35 (3.21, 3.50)
P for trend						< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Women
Total digestive cancer
0	566518	3367	3558510.54	0.946	1.81 (1.77, 1.85)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
1	153299	1124	959235.81	1.172	1.75 (1.65, 1.86)	1.24 (1.16, 1.33)	1.00 (0.93, 1.07)	0.99 (0.93, 1.06)
2	83247	694	519023.27	1.337	1.80 (1.63, 1.98)	1.42 (1.30, 1.54)	1.03 (0.95, 1.12)	1.02 (0.94, 1.11)
3	70183	682	435747.09	1.565	1.95 (1.78, 2.15)	1.66 (1.53, 1.80)	1.12 (1.03, 1.22)	1.11 (1.02, 1.21)
4	116089	1431	714960.09	2.002	2.25 (2.15, 2.35)	2.12 (1.99, 2.26)	1.30 (1.22, 1.38)	1.27 (1.19, 1.36)
P for trend						< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Gastrointestinal cancer
0	566518	2891	3559398.08	0.812	1.55 (1.51, 1.59)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
1	153299	913	959636.19	0.951	1.43 (1.33, 1.53)	1.17 (1.09, 1.26)	0.95 (0.88, 1.03)	0.95 (0.88, 1.02)
2	83247	548	519282.68	1.055	1.44 (1.28, 1.61)	1.30 (1.19, 1.43)	0.96 (0.88, 1.05)	0.95 (0.87, 1.04)
3	70183	526	436048.99	1.206	1.51 (1.34, 1.69)	1.49 (1.36, 1.63)	1.03 (0.93, 1.13)	1.01 (0.92, 1.11)
4	116089	1006	715795.75	1.405	1.58 (1.49, 1.68)	1.74 (1.62, 1.86)	1.08 (1.01, 1.17)	1.06 (0.98, 1.14)
P for trend						< 0.001	0.052	0.232
Hepatobiliary pancreatic cancer
0	566518	884	3565741.17	0.248	0.47 (0.45,0.49)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)	1 (reference)
1	153299	337	961504.59	0.350	0.53 (0.48, 0.57)	1.42 (1.25, 1.60)	1.11 (0.98, 1.25)	1.10 (0.97, 1.25)
2	83247	238	520353.15	0.457	0.58 (0.52, 0.66)	1.85 (1.60, 2.13)	1.29 (1.12, 1.49)	1.29 (1.11, 1.49)
3	70183	241	437047.77	0.551	0.69 (0.62, 0.77)	2.23 (1.94, 2.57)	1.44 (1.25, 1.66)	1.43 (1.23, 1.65)
4	116089	608	717322.51	0.848	0.95 (0.91, 0.99)	3.44 (3.10, 3.81)	1.98 (1.78, 2.20)	1.95 (1.74, 2.18)
P for trend						< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Model 1: Unadjusted model. Model 2: Age-adjusted model. Model 3: Age, smoking, drinking, income, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, body mass index, and physical activity-adjusted model. IR: Incidence rate; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; GGT: Gamma-glutamyltransferase.