Partially hydrolyzed guar gum attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice through the gut-liver axis

Figure 4 Effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on toll-like receptor signaling through the gut-liver axis. A: Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 mRNA expression; B: TLR9 mRNA expression in the liver. mRNA expression was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction; C: Endotoxin levels in the portal vein. Endotoxin levels were measured using the chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Endotoxin Assay kit. Data represent the mean ± SD of seven mice. ^aP < 0.05 significant differences compared to the control group; ^bP < 0.05 significant differences between the 2 selected groups. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PHGG: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum; TLR: Toll-like receptor.