Crohn’s disease in low and lower-middle income countries: A scoping review

Table 3 Utilization of Crohn’s disease diagnostic and treatment services reported in studies included in the review by region and country¹

Country/ Region	Diagnostics									Medical					Surgical
	Endo-scopy	Path-ology	Radio-logy	Blood Test-ing	Stool Test-ing	Trial of ATT	Surgical/ autopsy diagnosis	Clinical diagnosis only	TB Test-ing	Cortico-steroids	Amino-salicyclates	Immuno-modulators	Biologic agents	Nutritional therapy	Colect-omy	Ost-omy	Small bowel resection	Ileoanal pouch	Stricture-plasty
Overall (n = 216)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
South Asia (n = 129)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
India (n = 107)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X
Sri Lanka (n = 11)	X	X	X	X	X	X			X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X		X
Pakistan (n = 9)	X	X	X	X	X			X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X
Nepal (n = 3)	X	X	X	X			X	X		X		X	X		X		X
Bangladesh (n = 2)		X	X		X			X	X
Middle East and North Africa (n = 67)	X	X	X	X	X		X		X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X
Tunisia (n = 41)	X	X	X	X	X		X		X	X	X	X	X		X		X	X	X
Egypt (n = 18)	X	X	X	X	X		X		X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X
Morocco (n = 7)	X	X	X	X	X
sub-Saharan Africa (n = 16)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Nigeria (n = 5)	X	X	X	X	X			X		X	X						X
Sudan (n = 3)	X	X	X	X	X		X		X	X	X
Ethiopia (n = 2)	X	X	X	X	X	X	X			X	X				X		X
Kenya (n = 2)	X	X
Uganda (n = 1)		X		X	X		X										X
Ghana (n = 1)	X	X	X	X	X
Cameroon (n = 1)	X		X	X					X		X	X				X
Malawi (n = 1)	X	X	X	X	X	X				X		X		X
East Asia and Pacific (n = 5)	X	X	X							X	X				X		X
Indonesia (n = 3)	X	X	X								X						X
Philippines (n = 2)	X									X	X
Vietnam (n = 1)	X	X													X

“X” indicates countries with at least one study describing the use of each service – see Supplementary Table 4 for number of studies reporting each service. ¹Studies from Bolivia and Syria did not report on diagnostic or treatment services availability.