Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor protects mice against hepatocellular carcinoma by ameliorating intestinal dysbiosis and attenuating inflammation

Figure 2 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor normalized cytokine profiles and regulated Toll-like receptor expression. A: Cytokine levels in serum; B and C: Cytokine gene expression in the liver and colon. Data are presented as the means ± SE and analyzed via one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test. n = 11-13 mice per group. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, and ^eP < 0.001 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) vs control; ^cP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.01, and ^fP < 0.001 HCC + GM-CSF vs HCC. IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; TGFβ: Transforming growth factor β; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.