Nomogram for predicting transmural bowel infarction in patients with acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis

Table 1 Participant characteristics

Variable	Cohort, n (%)
	Training (n = 207)	Validation (n = 89)	P value
Age, yrs	48.5 ± 13.2	51.3 ± 8.2	0.07
Gender			0.52
Male	145 (70.0)	59 (66.3)
Female	62 (30.0)	30 (33.7)
Tobacco use	40 (19.3)	25 (28.1)	0.09
Coexisting medical conditions
Hypertension	19 (9.2)	13 (14.6)	0.17
Diabetes	20 (9.7)	13 (14.6)	0.22
Ischemic heart disease	8 (3.9)	9 (10.1)	0.05
Previous history of DVT	39 (18.8)	17 (19.1)	0.81
Malignant disease	24 (2.4)	5 (5.6)	0.11
Clinical manifestations
Diarrhea	22 (10.6)	14 (15.7)	0.22
Hematochezia or melena	62 (30.0)	19 (21.3)	0.13
Fever	26 (12.6)	13 (14.6)	0.63
Physical findings
Abdominal distention	109 (52.7)	37 (41.6)	0.16
Abdominal tenderness	39 (18.8)	24 (27.0)	0.12
Rebound tenderness	38 (18.4)	21 (23.6)	0.3
Laboratory findings
White blood cells, 109/L	7.0 (4.7-11.4)	11.0 (7.5-14.4)	0.05
Hemoglobin, g/L	109 (82-122)	113 (92-130)	0.11
Platelets, 109/L	191 (100-288)	168 (133-214)	0.06
C-reactive protein, mg/L	51.3 (7.7-67.5)	53.9 (18.2-75.1)	0.23
Serum lactate levels, mmol/L	4.3 (2.7-6.5)	3.9 (1.3-5.7)	0.31
Creatinine, µmol/L	72 (60-91)	76 (65-108)	0.07
D-dimer, mg/L	16.9 (3.0-179.6)	14.1 (6.9-60.2)	0.61
Procalcitonin, µg/L	0.5 (0.4-0.6)	0.4 (0.1-1.8)	0.17
Radiologic features
Distal thrombosis	63 (30.4)	25 (28.1%)	0.69
Portal vein or/and splenic vein extension	143 (69.1)	54 (60.7)	0.16
Decreased bowel wall enhancement	70 (33.8)	36 (40.4)	0.28
Bowel wall thickening	42 (21.3)	19 (21.3)	0.84
Bowel loop dilation	41 (19.8)	16 (18.0)	0.71
Pneumatosis intestinalis	52 (25.1)	27 (30.3)	0.13
Ascites	91 (44.0)	31 (34.8)	0.14
Other risk factors
Recent surgery	46 (22.2)	15 (16.9)	0.3
Intraperitoneal inflammation	73 (35.3)	31 (34.8)	0.94
Liver cirrhosis	82 (39.6)	37 (41.6)	0.75

Data are median (IQR) or n (%). P values were calculated by Mann-Whitney U test, t test, χ² test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. DVT: Deep venous thrombosis.