Metabolomics profile in gastrointestinal cancers: Update and future perspectives

Table 2 Panel of altered metabolites’ levels identified in blood samples of gastrointestinal cancer patients vs healthy controls

	S			P			S
	PC[70]	PC[67]	PC[71]	PC[68]	PC[69]	CRC[75]	CRC[87]	CRC[73]	CRC[72]	CRC[74]
2-aminobutyrate									↓2
2-hydroxyisovalerate									↓
2-oxoglutarate									↑1
3-hydroxybutyrate	↑	↓		↓	↑	↑	↑	↑
3-hydroxyisovalerate		↓
Acetate						↓	↑	↑
Acetoacetate						↑	↑
Acetone	↑			↑
Alanine			↓	↓	↑			↓		↓
Arginine						↑
Asparagine	↓
Beta-alanine									↓
Citrate				↓		↑		↓		↓
Creatine	↓		↓					↓	↑
Creatinine		↑
Ethanol	↓
Formate								↑	↓
Glucose										↑
Glutamate	↑		↑	↓					↓	↑
Glutamine	↓		↓	↓	↑			↓	↑	↓
Glycerol								↑	↑
HDL				↓
Histidine				↓					↓
Hypoxanthine									↑
Isobutyrate									↓
Isoleucine		↑		↓					↑
Isopropanol			↑
Lactate		↓		↓	↑		↑	↓
LDL				↓
Leucine		↑						↓		↓
Lysine	↓		↓	↓
Mannose	↑		↑						↑
Myo-inositol			↑
N-acetyl glycoproteins				↑				↑
O-phosphocholine									↑
Ornithine			↓
Phenylalanine	↑		↑					↑
Proline			↓					↑		↓
Pyruvate							↑	↓
Serine										↑
Threonine	↓		↓
TMAO		↓
Tyrosine						↓		↓		↓
Urea			↑
Valine				↓	↑			↓		↓
VLDL				↑

¹↑Higher metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers.

²↓Lower metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers. HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; TMAO: Trimetlylamine oxide; VLDL: Very-low-density lipoprotein; CRC: Colorectal cancer; PC: Pancreatic cancer.