Metabolomics profile in gastrointestinal cancers: Update and future perspectives

Table 1 List of evaluated studies

Type of tumor	Ref.	Type of biofluid	Sample size	Mono- or multi- centric study	Cohort allocation	NMR (MHz)	Acquisition temperature and pulse sequences
PC	[70]	S	99 (56 PC; 43 control patients: Benign pancreatic masses, pancreatitis and gallstone disease)	Mono	Calgary, Canada	600	298 K, 1D Noesy: 1024 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
PC	[67]	S	30 (17 PC; 23 HS)	Mono	Fuzhou, China	500	298 K, CPMG: 256 sc
PC	[68]	P	59 (19 PC; 20 chronic pancreatitis; 20 HS)	Mono	Xi'an, China	600	298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
PC	[71]	S	157 (122 PC/periampullary cancer; 35 benign pancreatic/periampullary disease)	Mono	Calgary, Canada	600	298 K, 1D Noesy: 1024 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
PC	[69]	P	20 (10 PC; 10 HS)	Mono	Prague, Czech Republic	500	298 K, CPMG: 128 sc
CRC	[87]	S	57 (38 CRC; 19 HS)	Mono	Birmingham, United Kingdom	800	CPMG: 128 sc; TOCSY: 32 sc; hadamard-TOCSY: 8 scasc
CRC	[73]	S	297 (153 mCRC; 139 HS)	Multi	Denmark	600	310 K, CPMG: 64 sc; JRES: 1 sc
CRC	[72]	S	112 (42 lCRC; 45 liver metast.; 25 extrahepatic metast.)	Mono	Calgary, Canada	600	298 K, 1D Noesy: 1024 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
CRC	[75]	P	70 (40 CRC; 30 liver metastases from CRC)	Multi	Hamburg, Germany	600	300 K, 1D Noesy, CPMG and Diff: 64 sc each
CRC	[74]	S	110 (40 CRC; 32 colorectal polyp patients; 38 HS)	Mono	Xiamen, China	600	298 K, CPMG: 256 sc
PC	[76]	U	87(33 PDAC; 54 HS)	Mono	Verona, Italy	600	300 K, 1D Noesy 32 sc; JRES and HSQC
PC	[77]	U	89 (32 PDAC; 32 benign; 25 HS)	Mono	Alberta, Canada	600	298 K, 1D Noesy: 32 sc
GC	[81]	U	145 (75 GC; 81 HS)	Mono	Seoul, Korea	600	298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
GC	[78]	U	123 (43 GC, 40 benign gastric disease, 40 HS)	Multi	Alberta, Canada	600	298 K, 1D Noesy: 128 sc
CRC	[68]	U	113 (55 CRC; 18 EC; 40 HS)	Mono	Guangdong, China	400	1D Noesy: 256 sc
CRC	[82]	U	62 CRC	Mono	Alberta, Canada	600	298 K, 1D Noesy: 32 sc
CRC	[80]	U	248 (92 CRC; 156 HS)	Mono	Seoul, Korea	500	NA
CRC	[83]	ST	33 (21 CRC; 11 HS)	Mono	Valencia, Spain	600	283 K, CPMG: 256 sc; 2D TOCSY, HSQC
CRC	[84]	ST	100 (68 CRC; 32 HS)	Mono	Guangdong, China	400	298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc
CRC	[86]	ST	99 (50 CRC; 49 HS)	Mono	United Kingdom	600	1D Noesy 2816 sc; 2D COSY, HSQC and HMBC
CRC	[85]	ST	140 (70 CRC; 70 HS)	Mono	Guangdong, China	400	298 K, 1D Noesy: 64 sc

S: Serum, P: Plasma, U: Urine, ST: Stool; PC: Pancreatic cancer; HS: Healthy subjects; CRC: Colorectal cancer; EC: Esophageal cancer; GC: Gastric cancer; lCRC: Locoregional; mCRC: Metastatic colorectal cancer; sc: Number of scans; NA: Not available information.