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©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Gastroenterol. Feb 21, 2019; 25(7): 744-776
Published online Feb 21, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i7.744
Published online Feb 21, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i7.744
Table 3 Endoscopic morphological classification of achalasia cardia
| Classification | Endoscopic observations |
| Ling I | Cavity of the oesophagus dilates, wall of the oesophagus is straight (without tortuosity) and smooth |
| Ling II | Cavity of the oesophagus dilates tortuously, with a circular or semi-circular structure occurring in the oesophagus after adequate gas injection |
| Ling IIa | Oesophageal cavity dilates, with a thin circular structure (no semi-circular structure) occurring in the oesophagus after adequate gas injection |
| Ling IIb | Oesophageal cavity dilates, with a semi-circular structure occurring (midpoint within 1/3 of the cavity) |
| Ling IIc | Oesophageal cavity dilates, with a semi-circular structure occurring (midpoint beyond 1/3 of the cavity) |
| Ling III | Oesophageal cavity dilates, with a diverticular structure |
| Ling IIIl | Diverticular structure mainly in the left wall of the oesophagus |
| Ling IIIr | Diverticular structure mainly in the right wall of the oesophagus |
| Ling IIIlr | Diverticular structure in both the left and right walls of the oesophagus |
- Citation: Chai NL, Li HK, Linghu EQ, Li ZS, Zhang ST, Bao Y, Chen WG, Chiu PW, Dang T, Gong W, Han ST, Hao JY, He SX, Hu B, Hu B, Huang XJ, Huang YH, Jin ZD, Khashab MA, Lau J, Li P, Li R, Liu DL, Liu HF, Liu J, Liu XG, Liu ZG, Ma YC, Peng GY, Rong L, Sha WH, Sharma P, Sheng JQ, Shi SS, Seo DW, Sun SY, Wang GQ, Wang W, Wu Q, Xu H, Xu MD, Yang AM, Yao F, Yu HG, Zhou PH, Zhang B, Zhang XF, Zhai YQ. Consensus on the digestive endoscopic tunnel technique. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25(7): 744-776
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v25/i7/744.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i7.744