Prognostic value of risk scoring systems for cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included patients

Variables	Value
No. of patients	330
Age, mean ± SD, yr	54.9 ± 12.7
Male sex, n (%)	203 (61.5)
Etiology, n (%)
Viral	229 (69.4)
Alcohol	21 (6.4)
Autoimmune	34 (10.3)
Other	46 (13.9)
Laboratory tests, median (IQR)
White blood cells (109/L)	5.4 (3.6-7.8)
Hemoglobin (g/L)	80 (66-95)
Platelets (109/L)	77 (51-115)
INR	1.2 (1.1-1.4)
Total bilirubin (µmol/L)	22.6 (16.1-34.8)
ALT (IU/L)	23 (15-38)
AST (IU/L)	35 (25-56)
Albumin (g/L)	31.8 (28.4-35.3)
BUN (mmol/L)	8.7 (6.1-12.4)
Creatinine (µmol/L)	62.2 (48.5-77.2)
Sodium (mmol/L)	138.0 (134.9-140.3)
Vital signs, median (IQR)
SBP (mmHg)	110 (98-120)
DBP (mmHg)	65 (57-72)
Heart rate (beats/min)	88 (76-101)
Location of variceal bleeding, n (%)
Esophageal varices	295 (89.4)
Gastric varices	35 (10.6)
Grading of esophageal varices
Mild/ moderate/severe, n (%)	2 (0.7)/44 (14.9)/249 (84.4)
Types of gastric varices
GOV2/IGV1, n (%)	22 (62.9)/13 (37.1)
Ascites, n (%)	233 (70.6)
Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)	28 (8.5)
Hepatocellular carcinoma, n (%)	73 (22.1)
Bacterial infection, n (%)	63 (19.1)
Portal vein thrombosis, n (%)	97 (29.4)
Hospital intervention, n (%)
Endoscopic therapy	141 (42.7)
TIPSS	21 (6.4)
Surgery	21 (6.4)
Charlson comorbidity index > 6, n (%)	45 (13.6)
Hospital stay (d), median (IQR)	13 (9-20)
Scoring system, median (IQR)
CTP	7 (6-9)
CTP grade A/B/C, n (%)	101 (30.6)/187 (56.7)/42 (12.7)
MELD	10 (9-13)
MELD-Na	12 (10-16)
CRS	2 (1-3)
GBS	12 (9-14)
mGBS	9 (7-11)
AIMS65	1 (0-1)
CANUKA	10 (8-12)

IQR: Interquartile range; INR: International normalized ratio; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; GOV2: Type 2 gastroesophageal varices; IGV1: Type 1 isolated gastric varices; TIPSS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh score; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; CRS: Clinical Rockall score; GBS: Glasgow-Blatchford score; mGBS: Modified Glasgow-Blatchford score; AIMS65: AIMS65 score; CANUKA: Canada-United Kingdom-Australia score.