Systemic inflammation in colorectal cancer: Underlying factors, effects, and prognostic significance

Table 1 Some systemic inflammatory markers showing altered circulating levels in colorectal cancer patients

Marker		Function	Detection method	Samples	Ref.
Acute phase proteins
CRP (C-reactive protein)	↑	Acute phase protein	ELISA	serum	Gunter et al[157]
HP (haptoglobin)	↑	Hemoglobin-binding acute phase protein	ELISA	serum	Sun et al[158]
Ferritin	↓	Protein that stores iron	meta-analysis	serum	Feng et al[159]
Cytokines and chemokines
IL6	↑	Proinflammatory cytokine	meta-analysis	serum	Xu et al[23]
IL7	↑	Cytokine involved in lymphocyte maturation	Multiplex magnetic bead assay	serum	Kantola et al[18]
IL17A	↑	Proinflammatory cytokine	meta-analysis	serum	Yan et al[160]
IL22	↑	Cytokine contributing to tissue homeostasis	meta-analysis	serum	Yan et al[160]
IL23	↑	Proinflammatory cytokine	meta-analysis	serum	Yan et al[160]
CCL2	↓	Recruitment of monocytes and macrophages	Multiplex magnetic bead assay	serum	Kantola et al[18]
CXCL5	↑	Recruitment of neutrophils	ELISA	serum	Kawamura et al[161]
CXCL8 (IL8)	↑	Recruitment of neutrophils	meta-analysis	serum	Jin et al[24]
CXCL10	↑	Recruitment of T cells and NK cells	ELISA	serum	Toiyama et el [162]
CXCL16	↑	Recruitment of T cells and NK cells	ELISA	serum	Matsushita et al[163]
SPP1 (secreted phosphoprotein 1)	↑	Leukocyte chemotaxis	streptavidin–biotin sandwich assay	serum	Werner et al[164]
Protease enzymes and their inhibitors
MMP8	↑	Protease enzyme also cleaving cytokines	immunofluorometric assay	serum	Väyrynen et al[165]
MMP9		Degradation of extracellular matrix and regulation of neutrophil action	ELISA	serum	Wilson et al[166]
TIMP1	↑	Inhibitor of metalloproteinases	meta-analysis	serum	Meng et al[167]
Growth factors and their inhibitors
ANGPTL2	↑	Growth factor contributing to the regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis	ELISA	serum	Toiyama et al[168]
ESM1	↑	Secreted angiogenic factor	ELISA	serum	Jiang et al[169]
PDGFB	↑	Proliferation of mesenchymal cells	Multiplex magnetic bead assay	serum	Kantola et al[18]
VEGFA	↑	Vascular growth factor	ELISA	serum	George et el[196]
VEGFC	↑	Vascular growth factor	ELISA	serum	Wang et al[170]
Markers of metabolism
glucose (fasting)	↑	Energy source	G6PD	serum	Ferroni et al[171]
HbA1c		Oxygen carrier	HPLC Analyzer	serum	Ferroni et al[171]
insulin (fasting)	↑	Regulator of metabolism	ELISA	serum	Ferroni et al[171]
ECM/endothelium-derived signaling proteins
Endostatin	↑	Angiogenesis inhibitor	ELISA	serum	Kantola et al[173]
POSTN (periostin)	↑	ECM protein	ELISA	serum	Ben et al[174]
VASTATIN	↑	Collagen VIII derived matrikine	ELISA	serum	Willumsen et al[172]
VCAM-1 (soluble)	↑	Multifunctional	ELISA	serum	Toiyama et el[175]
Other signaling molecules
DAND5	↑	BMP inhibitor	ELISA	serum	Miao et al[176]
LRP (leptin)	↓	Regulator of metabolism	ELISA	serum	Kumor et al[177]
Resistin	↑	Regulator of metabolism	ELISA	serum	Kumor et al[177]

ECM: Extracellular matrix; G6PD: Hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.