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World Journal of Gastroenterology
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1007-9327
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Gastroenterol. Aug 14, 2019; 25(30): 4199-4212
Published online Aug 14, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4199
Table 2 Phases (I, II, III) of biomarker development and corresponding candidate biomarkers
PhasesDescriptionBiomarkersRef.
Phase IPreclinical exploratory studiesmiRNA[114]
Metabolomic[115]
Cell-free DNA[116]
Phase IIClinical essay and validationAFP-L3[9]
Dickkopf-1[101]
DCP(Des-carboxyprothrombin)[9]
GPC3 (Glypican-3)[102]
Golgi protein-73[117]
Squamous cell carcinoma antigen[118]
miRNA[114]
Phase IIIRetrospective longitudinal studiesOsteopontin[99]
Midkine[100]
GALAD score[85]
AFP-L3: α-fetoprotein-L3 (binding fraction); DCP: Des-γ-carboxyprothrombin; GPC3: Glypican-3.
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