Novel risk scoring system for prediction of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study and validation groups, n (%)

Variable	Study group (n = 189)	Validation group (n = 109)	P-value
POPF			0.976
No POPF	117 (61.9)	68 (62.4)
Grade A (BL)	34 (18.0)	18 (16.5)
Grade B	32 (16.9)	20 (18.3)
Grade C	6 (3.2)	3 (2.8)
Age (yr)	61.8 ± 9.9	62.4 ± 10.3	0.650
Sex			0.284
Male	116 (61.4)	60 (55.0)
Female	73 (38.6)	49 (45.0)
Surgery			0.595
PD	98 (51.9)	60 (55.0)
PPPD	91 (48.1)	49 (45.0)
BMI (kg/m2)	22.1 ± 2.9	22.4 ± 2.9	0.431
Diabetes mellitus			0.164
Yes	31 (16.4)	25 (22.9)
No	158 (83.6)	84 (77.1)
Location of tumor			0.493
Pancreas	105 (55.6)	65 (59.6)
Non-pancreas	84 (44.4)	44 (40.4)
Pathologic type			0.834
Benign	11 (5.8)	7 (6.4)
Pancreatic myxoid cystadenoma	7 (3.7)	5 (4.6)
Pancreatic serous cystadenoma	4 (2.1)	2 (1.8)
Malignant	178 (94.2)	102 (93.6)
Pancreatic cancer	92 (48.7)	56 (51.4)
Biliary duct cancer	29 (15.3)	21 (19.3)
Ampullary cancer	33 (17.5)	16 (14.7)
Duodenal cancer	24 (12.7)	9 (8.3)
Preoperative STB (μmol/L)	111.4 ± 120.4	116.0 ± 144.9	0.767
Preoperative pre-albumin (mg/L)	141.2 ± 57.1	142.4 ± 56.8	0.861
Preoperative serum albumin (g/L)	38.4 ± 5.7	37.5 ± 4.7	0.137
Preoperative serum globulin (g/L)	26.9 ± 4.2	27.2 ± 4.9	0.606
Preoperative hemoglobin (g/L)	121.4 ± 19.9	119.9 ± 19.5	0.533
Preoperative white blood cells (109/L)	7.0 ± 8.1	6.4 ± 2.6	0.465
Preoperative platelets (109/L)	233.7 ± 78.5	237.6 ± 73.7	0.671
Pancreatic texture			0.725
Soft	81 (42.9)	49 (45.0)
Hard	108 (57.1)	60 (55.0)
Main pancreatic duct diameter (mm)	3.1 ± 1.0	3.2 ± 1.1	0.496
Biliary tract compression	23 (12.2%)	15 (13.8)	0.691
Pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis			0.061
Duct-to-mucosa	153 (81.0)	78 (71.6)
Dunking method	36 (19.0)	31 (28.4)
Pancreatic duct stent			0.735
Internal stent	85 (45.0)	50 (45.9)
External stent	68 (36.0)	35 (32.1)
None	36 (19.0)	24 (22.0)
Vascular invasion			0.483
Yes	32 (16.9)	22 (20.2)
No	157 (83.1)	87 (79.8)
Operative time (min)	269.5 ± 70.3	255.4 ± 64.7	0.088
Estimated blood loss (mL)	320.3 ± 269.3	326.6 ± 267.5	0.846
Serum albumin POD 1 (g/L)	33.01 ± 5.4	33.4 ± 5.7	0.623
Serum globulin on POD 1 (g/L)	23.4 ± 10.9	26.1 ± 27.2	0.233
Hemoglobin on POD 1 (g/L)	112.0 ± 16.8	112.4 ± 15.8	0.849

POPF: Postoperative pancreatic fistula; BL: Biochemical leak; BMI: Body mass index; PD: Pancreaticoduodenectomy; PPPD: Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; POD: Postoperative day; STB: Serum total bilirubin.