Gluten immunogenic peptide excretion detects dietary transgressions in treated celiac disease patients

Table 1 Characteristics of tests for detecting gluten immunogenic peptides in stool and urine

Method	Type of sample	Limit of detection	Time tobe excreted1	Time of GIPclearance1	Detectable levels ofgluten intake
ELISA
LFIA; PoCT	Stool	60-150 μg/g	2 d	2-7 d	>40 mg/d
LFIA; PoCT	Urine	2-3 ng/mL	1-12 h	24-48 h	40-500 mg/d2

¹Time after gluten intake;

²The ingestion of 50mg of gluten per day can be detected in urine with a sensitivity of 15%, and the ingestion of 500mg gluten per day can be detected with a sensitivity of 90% when analyzing the first urine in the morning[24]. GIP: Gluten immunogenic peptides; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; LFIA: Lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay; PoCT: Point-of-care test.