Beta-blockers and physical frailty in patients with end-stage liver disease

Table 1 Patient demographics

Characteristics	All	On beta blockers	Not on beta blockers	P value
	n = 344	n = 181 (53%)	n = 163 (47%)
Age (yr)	60 (54-64)	61 (54-65)	60 (54-63)	0.16
Female	35%	25%	46%	< 0.001
Race/ethnicity				0.26
Non-Hispanic White	57%	56%	58%
Black	4%	3%	6%
Hispanic White	27%	30%	23%
Asian	7%	5%	8%
Other	6%	7%	5%
Etiology of liver disease				0.39
Hepatitis C	50%	51%	49%
Alcohol	15%	15%	15%
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis	13%	15%	11%
Autoimmune/cholestatic	11%	9%	14%
Hepatitis B	4%	2%	6%
Other	6%	7%	6%
HCC	27%	32%	22%	0.04
BMI (kg/m2)	28.4 (24.9-33.0)	29.3 (25.8-33.7)	27.7 (24.2-31.8)	0.0081
Medical co-morbidities
Hypertension	44%	48%	40%	0.12
Diabetes	32%	36%	27%	0.06
Coronary artery disease	7%	10%	4%	0.04
Lab tests
Lab MELD	15 (12-18)	15 (13-18)	15 (12-18)	0.55
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	2.3 (1.6-3.4)	2.3 (1.5-3.2)	2.4 (1.7-3.6)	0.41
INR	1.4 (1.2-1.6)	1.4 (1.3-1.6)	1.4 (1.2-1.6)	0.54
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.9 (0.8-1.2)	1 (0.8-1.2)	0.9 (0.7-1.2)	0.0034
Sodium (mEq/L)	137 (134-139)	137 (135-139)	137 (134-139)	0.75
Ascites
Mild-moderate	30%	30%	30%	0.40
Refractory	3%	4%	2%
Hepatic encephalopathy1	21%	22%	21%	0.86
Child Pugh Score				0.89
A	19%	18%	20%
B	60%	60%	59%
C	21%	22%	21%

¹Defined as a Numbers Connection test > 60 s. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; BMI: Body mass index; MELD: Model for End Stage Liver Disease.