Helicobacter pylori: A foodborne pathogen?

Table 3 Studies evaluating the occurrence and survival of Helicobacter pylori in water

Year	Water and study type	Method	Observations	Ref.
1993	Survival of H. pylori in artificially contaminated sterile river water	Culture	Culture up to 48 h	Shahamat et al[118]
		Autoradiography
1996	Occurrence of H. pylori in 48 water samples: 30 from municipal water system, 14 from community taps, 4 from brick tanks or plastic barrels of different households	IMS and PCR	50% PCR positive samples	Hulten et al[101]
1997	Study on H. pylori resistance to chlorination	Culture	H. pylori were readily inactivated by free chlorine	Johnson et al[117]
1999	Occurrence of H. pylori in water from rivers and ponds	IMS and nested PCR	H. pylori-specific DNA was detected in samples	Sasaki et al[103]
1999	Occurrence of H. pylori in water from delivery truck and two lakes	Nested PCR and Southern blot hybridization	PCR positive samples from truck	McKeown et al[105]
			PCR positive samples from two lakes
2001	Occurrence of H. pylori in 10 seawater samples, 10 river water samples, 10 tap water samples, 6 well water samples	IMS, real-time PCR and nested PCR	2 PCR positive samples of well water	Horiuchi et al[127]
2001	Occurrence of H. pylori in 139 ground water samples	PCR and Southern blot hybridization	69% positive samples	Mazari-Hiriart et al[104]
2002	Occurrence of H. pylori in raw municipal wastewater	IMS, culture and PCR	23 out of 37 isolated strains were confirmed to be H. pylori	Lu et al[106]
			11 out of 23 strains of H. pylori demonstrated vacA gene heterogeneity
2002	Study on the susceptibility of H. pylori to chlorine, monochloramine, and ozone compared to that of Escherichia coli	Culture	H. pylori was more resistant than E. coli to chlorine and ozone but not monochloramine	Baker et al[116]
2004	Occurrence of H. pylori in water and biofilms: 11 samples from domestic proprieties, 7 samples from educational properties and from hydrants, and samples from reservoirs and water meters of 3 water utilities	Culture, IMS and PCR	All cultures were negative 26% PCR positive sample with the highest frequency in biofilm	Watson et al[120]
2004	Occurrence of H. pylori in seawater	Nested-PCR	H. pylori DNA only detected in fractionated water samples containing zooplanktonic organisms	Cellini et al[130]
2005	Occurrence of H. pylori in seawater	Filtration (200 mm, filter), culture and PCR	H. pylori was only isolated from fractionated water samples containing large zooplanktonic organisms	Cellini et al[131]
2005	Occurrence of H. pylori in 36 seawater samples	Culture and PCR	30 positive samples	Carbone et al[132]
2006	Study on the ability of H. pylori to adhere on different water-exposed abiotic surfaces	Scanning electron microscope	H. pylori was able to adhere to all substrates tested	Azevedo et al[123]
2007	Study on the ability of H. pylori to adhere to stainless steel 304 in different environmental conditions	Epifluorescence microscopy	H. pylori was able to adhere to stainless steel 304	Azevedo et al[124]
2007	Study on the resistance of H. pylori to chlorination	Culture, FISH, PCR and RT-PCR	Culture until 5 min	Moreno et al[115]
			FISH viable cells until 3 h
			PCR samples positive after 24 h
			RT-PCR positive after 24 h
2007	Survival of H. pylori in spiked bottled mineral water (drinking water)	Culture epifluorescence microscopy and PCR	Culture until 5 d	Queralt et al[114]
			Cell viability until 14 d
2007	Survival of H. pylori in spiked chlorinated filtered water (drinking water)	Culture, FISH and PCR	Culture until 5 min	Monero-Mesonero et al[115]
			FISH viable cells until 3 h
			PCR positive after 24 h
			RT-PCR after 24 h
2009	Occurrence of H. pylori in 75 drinking and environmental water samples and 21 natural water biofilms samples	Real-time PCR	0% positive samples	Janzon et al [129]
2010	Occurrence of H. pylori in 198 drinking water samples	Culture	10 out of 469 isolated strains were confirmed H. pylori	Al-Sulami et al[109]
2011	Occurrence of H. pylori in 137 seawater samples	PCR	21% of the samples were positive for H. pylori	Twing et al[134]
2013	Occurrence of H. pylori in 50 tap water samples, 35 dental units’ water samples, and 40 bottled mineral water samples	Culture and PCR	2 positive tap water samples	Bahrami et al[110]
			2 positive water from dental unit samples
			1 positive water coolers sample
2013	Occurrence of H. pylori in 31 seawater samples	Culture and PCR	4 positive samples	Holman et al[135]
2016	Occurrence of H. pylori in 450 bottled mineral water samples	Culture and PCR	8 positive samples	Ranjbar et al[111]
2018	Occurrence of H. pylori in 241 drinking water samples	PCR	49 positive samples	Boehnke et al[102]

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.