Application of modified primary closure of the pelvic floor in laparoscopic extralevator abdominal perineal excision for low rectal cancer

Abstract

AIM

To introduce a novel, modified primary closure technique of laparoscopic extralevator abdominal perineal excision (LELAPE) for low rectal cancer.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed data from 76 patients with rectal cancer who underwent LELAPE from March 2013 to May 2016. Patients were classified into the modified primary closure group (32 patients) and the biological mesh closure group (44 patients). The total operating time, reconstruction time, postoperative stay duration, total cost, postoperative complications and tumor recurrence were compared.

RESULTS

All surgery was successfully performed. The pelvic reconstruction time was 14.6 ± 3.7 min for the modified primary closure group, which was significantly longer than that of the biological mesh closure group (7.2 ± 1.9 min, P < 0.001). The total operating time was not different between the two groups (236 ± 20 min vs 248 ± 43 min, P = 0.143). The postoperative hospital stay duration was 8.1 ± 1.9 d, and the total cost was 9297 ± 1260 USD for the modified primary closure group. Notably, both of these categories were significantly lower in this group than those of the biological mesh closure group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). There were no differences observed between groups when comparing other perioperative data, long-term complications or oncological outcomes.

CONCLUSION

The modified primary closure method for reconstruction of the pelvic floor in LELAPE for low rectal cancer is technically feasible, safe and cost-effective.

Key Words: Extralevator abdominoperineal excision, Rectal cancer, Pelvic floor, Laparoscopy

Core tip: The modified primary closure approach requires laparoscopic closure of the pelvic peritoneum and layered closure of the perineal defect. By using this modified approach, the length of hospital stay and the total cost were decreased significantly, while other clinical outcomes did not differ, except for a relatively longer time for pelvic reconstruction (14.6 ± 3.7 min vs 7.2 ± 1.9 min). We conclude that the modified primary closure method for reconstruction of the pelvic floor in laparoscopic extralevator abdominal perineal excision for low rectal cancer is technically feasible, safe and cost-effective.

INTRODUCTION

To improve the oncological outcome of patients with low rectal cancer, extralevator abdominal perineal excision (ELAPE) has been introduced to reduce the rate of positive circumferential margin and intraoperative perforation[1-4]. Assisted by laparoscopy, ELAPE can minimize physical invasion while ensuring oncological benefits[5,6]. However, the extended resection of ELAPE may increase the risk of severe perineal wound complications, including perineal hernia, with a reported incidence of 20%-26%[7]. Thus, how to reconstruct the pelvic floor and close the perineum after massive resection has become a major concern and challenge in laparoscopic ELAPE (LELAPE). The established reconstruction methods include: primary perineal closure, omentoplasty, biological or synthetic mesh placement, myocutaneous flaps, and negative wound pressure therapy[8-12]. These methods all have their own advantages as well as restrictions, and no consensus has been reached so far. In traditional abdominoperineal resection (APR), the pelvic peritoneum is usually closed prior to reconstruction of the pelvic floor, in order to separate the small intestine from the presacral operating field, which is technically challenging in LELAPE. We have recently modified the primary closure technique by adding the laparoscopic pelvic peritoneum suture procedure, and applied it to LELAPE. In the present study, we compare this method with biological mesh closure in the reconstruction of the pelvic floor after LELAPE, and evaluate its feasibility, safety and cost-effectiveness.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design

We retrospectively analyzed the data from 76 patients with rectal cancer undergoing LELAPE from March 2013 to May 2016. Patients were classified into the modified primary closure group (32 patients) and the biological mesh closure group (44 patients). Total operating time, reconstruction time, postoperative stay duration, total cost, postoperative complications and tumor recurrence were compared. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.

General procedure

We have described the LELAPE procedure in a previous report[13]. The abdominal procedure was performed with the patient being placed in the Trendelenburg position, and the port placement was set up as shown in Figure 1A. After laparoscopic exploration, dissection and division of the pedicle of the inferior mesenteric vessels were performed. The sigmoid colon was mobilized from medial to lateral, and the rectum was mobilized following the total mesorectal excision principle. The sigmoid mesentery was trimmed at the rectosigmoid junction, where the rectum was transected with an endoscopic linear stapler (Figure 1B). The distal rectum and mesorectum were pushed down to the pelvic cavity (Figure 1C).

Figure 1 Surgical procedures. A: Port placement; B: Transection of the rectum at the rectosigmoid junction with an ENDO-GIA; C: Distal rectum pushed down to the pelvis; D: Closure of the pelvic peritoneum with a continuous suture using a barbed thread; E: Closure of the pelvic peritoneum; F: Tension reduction of the adjacent peritoneum (the dotted line shows the incised peritoneum); G: Closure of the peritoneum after tension reduction (the dotted line shows the incised peritoneum); H: Reconstruction of the pelvic floor with biological mesh; I: View of the closed peritoneum from the perineal wound in the prone position (the arrows show the presacral veins, and the arrowheads show the closed peritoneum).

Modified primary closure

For modified primary closure, the pelvic peritoneum was closed with continuous suturing using a barbed suture (Covidien, Shanghai, China) (Figure 1D and E) before creation of a colostomy. For tension-free suturing, the adjacent pelvic peritoneum was dissected to reduce tension if necessary (Figure 1F and G). The patient was turned over to the prone jackknife position. The levator ani was transected at its origin, and a cylindrical specimen was removed. The procedure was completed with both the placement of one negative-pressure drainage tube in the presacral space, and the layered closure of the ischiorectal fat and skin. The drainage tube was removed when the drainage fluid was clear and < 10 mL in volume. The coccyx was not routinely removed.

Biological mesh closure

For biological mesh closure, the patient was changed into a prone position for perineal dissection after creation of a colostomy. The levator ani was transected at its origin, and a cylindrical specimen was removed. A human acellular dermal matrix mesh (Ruinuo, Qingyuanweiye BioTissue Engineering Ltd., Beijing, China) was implanted and fixed to the tendinous arch by continuous prolene sutures (Covidien) for reconstruction of the pelvic floor (Figure 1H). The procedure was completed with both the placement of one negative-pressure drainage tube below the mesh, and the layered closure of the ischiorectal fat and skin. All the operations were finished by the same surgical group.

Statistical analysis

Numerical data were expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed with Student’s t tests. Categorical data were analyzed with the χ test or Fisher’s exact test. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed for postoperative drainage and temperature change. All analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States). P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

RESULTS

The baseline characteristics, including male/female ratio, age, body mass index, neoadjuvant therapy, distance to anal verge, and postoperative TNM staging, were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05 each, Table 1). All patients were successfully followed up postoperatively for one year.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics.

	Modified primary closure(n = 32)	Biological mesh closure(n = 44)	P value
Male/female	24/8	31/13	0.662
Age (yr)	52.8 ± 12.2	58.2 ± 12.5	0.137
BMI	26.8 ± 3.2	25.7 ± 2.7	0.097
Neoadjuvant therapy	8	7	0.326
Tumor location, Distance to anal verge (cm)	2.6 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.9	0.278
Postoperative TNM staging
II	23	29	0.581
III	9	15

BMI: Body mass index.

All operations were successfully performed without serious intraoperative complications. The pelvic reconstruction time was 14.6 ± 3.7 min for the modified primary closure group, which was significantly longer than that of the biological mesh closure group (7.2 ± 1.9 min, P < 0.001). The total operating time did not differ between the two groups (236 ± 20 min vs 248 ± 43 min, P = 0.143). One patient in the biological mesh closure group developed bowel perforation due to a large tumor within the anterior wall of the rectum. No positive circumferential margin was observed in either group. Intraoperative blood loss and recovery of bowel function were comparable between the two groups (both P > 0.05) (Table 2). The drainage tube was removed postoperatively at 6.6 ± 1.1 d in the modified primary closure group, which was earlier than in the biological mesh closure group (7.3 ± 2.0 d, P = 0.094). The volume of drainage fluid peaked at 2 d postoperatively and then decreased gradually, without any difference between the two groups (P treatment > 0.05, P interaction > 0.05) (Figure 2A). The temperature changes after operation showed a similar pattern to drainage volume, with no difference between the groups (P treatment > 0.05, P interaction > 0.05) (Figure 2B). Postoperative hospital stay was 8.1 ± 1.9 d, and the total cost was 9297 ± 1260 USD for the modified primary closure group. Both of these categories in this group were significantly less than those of the biological mesh closure group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) (Table 2). One patient in the biological mesh closure group developed postoperative intestinal obstruction at 40 d. Conservative therapy did not work, and a laparoscopic exploration was performed at 42 d. The middle part of the ileum, approximately 100 cm to the ileocecal junction, adhered to the pelvic floor, leading to dilation of the proximal small intestine (Figure 3). The patient was healed by decompression of the small intestine and intestinal rearrangement under laparotomy.

Table 2 Perioperative data.

	Modified primary closure(n = 32)	Biological mesh closure(n = 44)	P value
Reconstruction time (min)	14.6 ± 3.7	7.2 ± 1.9	< 0.001
Total operative time (min)	236 ± 20	248 ± 43	0.143
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	165 ± 57	149 ± 52	0.242
Positive CRM	0	0	N/A
Bowel perforation	0	1	1.000
Recovery of bowel function (h)	22.8 ± 4.7	23.6 ± 5.0	0.475
Intestinal obstruction	0	1	1.000
Drainage removal (days after surgery)	6.6± 1.1	7.3 ± 2.0	0.094
Postoperative hospital stay (d)	8.1 ± 1.9	10.1 ± 2.8	0.001
Cost (USD)	9297 ± 1260	10719 ± 2360	0.003

CRM: Circumferential margin; USD: United States Dollar.

Figure 2 Drainage and temperature changes. A: Postoperative drainage volumes in the two groups; B: Postoperative temperature changes in the two groups.

Figure 3 Laparoscopy. Laparoscopic exploration of the abdominal cavity in the patient with intestinal obstruction (the arrow shows the proximal dilated small intestine, and the arrowhead shows the distal normal small intestine).

In the modified primary closure group, five patients had perineal wound infection. Within the first 10 d postoperatively, three patients had haemoserous discharge from the perineal wound, and were healed following potassium permanganate hip bath after 1 mo. At 12 d, one patient showed purulent discharge, which was solved after daily dressing change and thermal therapy. At 15 d, the perineal wound broke down in one female patient with type 2 diabetes. Debridement and secondary suturing were performed at 33 d after daily dressing change. Likewise, in the biological mesh closure group, five patients had perineal wound infection within the first 10 d (Table 3), and recovered within 60 d after appropriate treatment. No difference in infection rate or grade was found between the two groups (P > 0.05 each). Perineal hernia is theoretically expected to be more frequent without the placement of meshes. However, at 12 mo postoperatively, no perineal hernia occurred in either of the groups. Notably, four patients in the modified primary closure group and two in the biological mesh group experienced the feeling of bulging. Computed tomography at 12 mo showed that in the modified primary closure group, the small intestine was kept in the pelvic cavity with a clear descent of the pelvic peritoneum. In the biological mesh group, without suturing the pelvic peritoneum, the small intestine was also kept in the presacral space. No obvious postoperative differences were detected in the computed tomography scans between the two groups at 12 mo (Figure 4).

Table 3 Follow-up data.

	Modified primary closure(n = 32)	Biological mesh closure(n = 44)	P value
Normal perineal wound healing1
10 d postoperatively	29	39	0.546
30 d postoperatively	27	41	0.270
60 d postoperatively	32	44	1.000
Perineal wound infection	5	5	0.734
Clear or haemoserous discharge	3	1	0.304
Pus/purulent discharge	1	2	1.000
Deep infection with or without tissue breakdown	1	2	1.000
Postoperative perineal hernia (12 mo)	0	0	N/A
Postoperative feeling of bulge (12 mo)	4	2	0.233
Postoperative chemotherapy	23	28	0.330
Postoperative radiotherapy	7	14	0.339
Postoperative local recurrence (12 mo)	0	1	1
Postoperative liver/lung metastasis (12 mo)	2	3	1
Postoperative death (12 mo)	0	0	N/A

¹Grade 0 or Grade I by the Southampton Wound Scoring System.

Figure 4 Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. A: Twelve-month postoperative Sagittal CT scan in the modified primary closure group; B: Twelve-month postoperative Sagittal CT scan in the biological mesh closure group; C: Twelve-month postoperative Coronal CT scan in the modified primary closure group; D: Twelve-month postoperative Coronal CT scan in the biological mesh closure group (the arrow shows the small intestine, and the arrowhead shows the bladder). CT: Computed tomography.

Postoperative chemotherapy (the XELOX or FOLFOX regimen) and radiotherapy were given to 23 and seven patients in the modified primary closure group, as well as 28 and 14 patients in the biological mesh closure group, respectively (P = 0.330 and P = 0.339). In the biological mesh closure group, local recurrence occurred in one patient, who received only postoperative chemotherapy with the XELOX regimen, and the patient was subsequently treated with radiotherapy. Three patients had minor liver metastases and were cured with local ablative treatment. In the modified primary closure group, minor lung metastasis and minor liver metastases were found in two patients, respectively. Both of these patients received local ablative treatment. No patients died in either of the two groups.

DISCUSSION

The necessity of reconstruction of the pelvic floor after ELAPE has been widely accepted in order to avoid postoperative perineal complications[14,15]. However, the feasibility and superiority of various methods proposed for this reconstruction remain to be investigated. In the present study, we compared two methods, modified primary closure and biological mesh closure, in 76 patients with lower rectal cancer undergoing LELAPE. The major findings were that modified primary closure required longer reconstruction time, shorter postoperative hospital stay and was more cost-effective when compared to biological mesh closure. No difference in other perioperative data, long-term complications or oncological outcomes was observed.

Various methods have been developed for perineal wound healing after ELAPE. Of these, perineal closure with myocutaneous flaps, biological or synthetic mesh placement, and omentoplasty with perineal closure are currently the most widely performed[8-12]. Myocutaneous flaps can be obtained by various approaches, including gluteal rotation/advancement flaps[16], inferior gluteal artery myocutaneous island transposition flaps (IGAM)[17], transverse rectus/vertical rectus abdominis (TRAM/VRAM)[18,19], and gracilis[20]. Myocutaneous flaps have the benefit of delivering good perfusion and oxygenation, thus facilitating the healing process of large perineal defects. However, this approach requires plastic surgeons and may cause additional complications (e.g., a donor site hernia)[14]. Mesh repair has the advantage of reducing operative duration, and is therefore more cost-effective compared to myocutaneous flaps[21]. However, it should be noted that the inertness of biomesh might be a reason for small bowel obstruction[22], and synthetic mesh carries the potential for fistula formation[23]. By contrast, omentoplasty with perineal closure represents a safer approach for the reconstruction of the pelvic floor. Owing to its rich lymphovascular supply, the mobilized omentum in the pelvic cavity inhibits regional fluid collection, and hence prevents small intestine adhesion to the pelvic floor, thus dramatically reducing related complications[24]. For some patients, this technique may not apply when it is not technically feasible to mobilize the omentum to reach the pelvic cavity, or when the omentum has been resected previously.

The major strength of the modified primary closure method is the reconstruction of the pelvic peritoneum, which keeps the small intestine in the abdominal and pelvic cavities, thus avoiding adhesion to extraperitoneal tissues. In the present study, one case of intestinal obstruction in the biological mesh closure group appeared, which was caused by adhesion of the small intestine to the pelvic floor. However, the rate of postoperative intestinal obstruction did not show any difference between the two groups, which is likely due to insufficient study power. Compared with biological mesh closure, modified primary closure reduced postoperative hospital stay duration and total cost.

The pelvic floor is usually left open after APR due to the concern that incomplete closure of the pelvic floor may cause pelvic floor hernias and intestinal obstruction. However, APR is associated with clinically significant perineal hernias, albeit < 1% of the incidence[23]. ELAPE requires extensive resection of the pelvic floor, and thus contributes to the development of perineal hernias, with an incidence of 2.8% vs 0.8% compared to traditional APR[1]. As to LELAPE, perineal hernias could occur in nearly half of the patients without reconstruction of the pelvic floor[25]. In LELAPE, closure of the pelvic peritoneum is more challenging because the distal rectum has not been removed at that time. When mobilizing the sigmoid and rectum, the peritoneum on both sides should be intentionally preserved for re-approximation of the pelvic peritoneum. One possible concern is that the intentionally preserved peritoneum may lead to compromised oncological outcomes. However, in the present study, the oncological outcomes did not show any difference between the two groups. The rectum should be transected at the sigmoidorectal junction area, or even lower if possible. A continuous suture with barbed thread is recommended to facilitate the procedure. In obese patients, the peripheral peritoneum should be dissected to reduce tension. The perineal wound was directly sutured in layers. No pelvic floor hernias and perineal hernias occurred in all of our patients, with a mean followup of 12 mo. With regard to patients with rigid peritoneums after neoadjuvant radiotherapy or large pelvic peritoneum defects, this procedure may not be eligible and other reconstructive methods should be applied.

In conclusion, based on our preliminary experience, the modified primary closure method for reconstruction of the pelvic floor is technically feasible, safe and cost-effective. However, as the present study was retrospective, the safety and feasibility of this method still warrants high evidence-level research.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Laparoscopic extralevator abdominal perineal excision (LELAPE) was introduced to reduce the rate of positive circumferential margins and intraoperative perforation, however its extensive dissection requires reconstruction of the pelvic floor.

Research motivation

To introduce a novel modified primary closure technique of LELAPE for low rectal cancer.

Research objectives

To assess the feasibility, safety and cost-effectiveness of the newly introduced technique by comparing it with the traditional method.

Research methods

Data from 76 patients with rectal cancer undergoing LELAPE from March 2013 to May 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into the modified primary closure group (32 patients) and the biological mesh closure group (44 patients). Total operating time, reconstruction time, postoperative stay duration, total cost, postoperative complications and tumor recurrence were compared.

Research results

The modified primary closure of the pelvic floor requires longer reconstruction time, but total operating time was not different compared with the biological mesh closure group. The postoperative length of hospital stay and the total cost were both less in the modified primary closure group. No differences in other perioperative data, long-term complications or oncological outcomes were observed.

Research conclusions

The modified primary closure method for reconstruction of the pelvic floor in LELAPE for low rectal cancer is technically feasible, safe and cost-effective.

Research perspectives

Future multicentered randomized controlled trials should be performed to confirm the conclusions made in the present study.