Diets, functional foods, and nutraceuticals as alternative therapies for inflammatory bowel disease: Present status and future trends

Table 1 Overview of the conventional therapies for inflammatory bowel disease

Therapeutic agent	Active compound	Mode of action	Ref.
Aminosalicylates (ASA)	5-ASA	Decreases MPO activity, inhibits β-catenin activation	[23]
		Inhibits the generation and activity of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, and TNF-α
Corticosteroids	Corticosteroids		[24]
Immunosuppressants	Azathioprine	Clinical remission	[25]
	6-mercaptopurine	Mucosal healing
	Cyclosporine A
	Tacrolimus
	Methotrexaten
Antibiotics	Metronidazole	Decrease disease activity index	[26]
	Ciprofloxacin	Maintain remission
Biological therapy	Infliximab	Neutralizes TNF-α	[27]
	Adalimumab	Reduces inflammation
	Certolizumab

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; IL: Interleukin.