Efficacy and safety of limited endoscopic sphincterotomy before self-expandable metal stent insertion for malignant biliary obstruction

Table 1 Patient characteristics and endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography related data n (%) (n = 244)

Characteristics	Value
Age (yr), mean ± SD (range)	70.8 ± 10.2 (44-95)
Sex
Male	130 (53.3)
Female	114 (46.7)
Aspirin	3 (1.2)
Total bilirubin (mg/dL), pre-procedure, mean ± SD (range)	7.09 ± 6.45 (0.2-28.9)
Normal	53 (21.7)
Elevated	191 (78.3)
Hyperamylasemia, pre-procedure	14 (5.7)
Cholangitis, pre-procedure	68 (27.9)
Diagnosis
Cholangiocarcinoma	118 (48.4)
Hilar	75 (63.6)
Distal	43 (36.4)
Pancreatic cancer	79 (32.4)
Head	68 (86.1)
Body/Tail	11 (13.9)
Gallbladder cancer	21 (8.6)
Ampullary cancer	18 (7.4)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	3 (1.2)
Others	5 (2.0)
Pancreatic duct invasion
Yes	85 (34.8)
No	159 (65.2)
Lymph node metastasis
Yes	170 (69.7)
No	73 (29.9)
Pancreatic duct injection
0	187 (76.6)
1-2	24 (9.8)
≥ 3	33 (13.5)
ERPD	4 (1.6)
Stent success rate	244 (100)
Number of initially inserted SEMS
1	230 (94.3)
2	14 (5.7)
Stent type
Uncovered	190 (77.9)
Covered	54 (22.1)
Post-ERCP complication
Present	9 (3.7)
Absent'	234 (95.9)
Post-ERCP complication type
Pancreatitis	7 (2.9)
Mild / moderate	6 (2.5)/1 (0.4)
Bleeding, mild	2 (0.8)
Perforation	0 (0)
Post-ERCP hyperamylasemia	30 (12.3)
Stent complication
None	199 (81.6)
Stent occlusion	44 (18.0)
Stent migration	1 (0.4)
Patency
No further procedure	199 (81.6)
ERBD restent	1 (0.4)
SEMS restent	32 (13.1)
PTBD	12 (4.9)

SEMS: Self-expandable metal stent; ERPD: Endoscopic retrograde pancreatic drainage; ERBD: Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage; PTBD: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage.