Fructo-oligosaccharide intensifies visceral hypersensitivity and intestinal inflammation in a stress-induced irritable bowel syndrome mouse model

Figure 5 Effect of oral gavage of fructo-oligosaccharide on intestinal cytokine expression. A: Among saline-administered mice, IL-6 and TNF-α expressions increased in the ileum in the WAS group compared to the sham-WAS group. IL-23 expression increased in FOS compared to saline-administered mice following WAS; B: In saline-administered mice, colonic IL-6 and IL-1β expression increased in the WAS group compared to the sham-WAS group. IL-1β expression increased in FOS compared to saline-administered mice in the WAS group. Values represent mean ± SD; sham + saline (n = 7), sham + FOS (n = 7), WAS + saline (n = 6), WAS + FOS (n = 7); one-way ANOVA. ^aP < 0.05, sham + saline vs WAS + saline; ^cP < 0.05, WAS + saline vs WAS + FOS. FOS: Fructo-oligosaccharide; WAS: Water avoidance stress; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.