Combined thoracoscopic and endoscopic surgery for a large esophageal schwannoma

Figure 4 Thoracoscopic procedure in the prone position, with access via the left thoracic cavity. The cranial aspect of the tumor was already dissected free of the adjacent structures by endoscopic procedure. The part of the esophageal schwannoma that was not dissected endoscopically is removed from the submucosal space after incising the muscular layer of the esophagus, thoracoscopic method.