Epidemiology and natural history of Wilson’s disease in the Chinese: A territory-based study in Hong Kong between 2000 and 2016

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of patients with Wilson’s disease in Hong Kong [n = 211, n (%)]

Variables	Clinical characteristics
Age	27.9 (18.2-39.7)
Male	104 (49.3)
Drug	193 (91.5)
D-penicillamine1	129 (61.6)
Trientine2	22 (10.4)
Zinc	42 (19.9)
Hepatic disease	176 (83.4)
Cirrhosis	38 (21.6)
Cirrhotic complications	19 (10.8)
Ascites	10 (5.7)
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis	5 (2.8)
Esophageal varices	10 (5.7)
Gastric varices	5 (2.8)
Hepatic encephalopathy	8 (4.5)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	3 (1.7)
Neurological disease	30 (14.2)
Parkinsonism	15 (50.0)
Tremor	3 (10.0)
Dystonia	4 (13.3)
Tics	1 (3.3)
Dementia	2 (6.7)
Seizure	7 (23.3)
Psychiatric disease	24 (11.4)
Depression	9 (37.5)
Anxiety	2 (8.3)
Bipolar disorder	4 (16.7)
Organic affective syndrome	3 (12.5)
Psychosis	4 (16.7)
Personality disorder	3 (12.5)
Suicide	4 (16.7)
Concomitant hepatic and neurological/psychiatric diseases	21 (10.0)
Non-immune hemolytic anemia	8 (3.8)
Viral hepatitis	7 (3.3)
Chronic hepatitis B infection	5 (71.4)
Chronic hepatitis C infection	2 (28.6)
Metabolic factors	17 (8.1)
Diabetes mellitus	3 (17.6)
Hypertension	7 (41.2)
Dyslipidemia	4 (23.5)
Obesity	4 (23.5)
Alcoholism	4 (23.5)
Liver transplantation	24 (11.3)
Death	26 (12.3)

¹Twenty four patients had concomitant zinc therapy during the initial treatment phase or maintenance phase;

²Eight patients had concomitant zinc therapy during the initial treatment phase or maintenance phase. Age was expressed as median (years) with interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as n (%).