Chronic opioids in gastroparesis: Relationship with gastrointestinal symptoms, healthcare utilization and employment

Table 1 Patients with gastroparesis referred to a tertiary care center between May 2016 and July 2017

Classification	Total	Chronic scheduled opioids	PRN opioids	No opioids
Idiopathic	122	23	6	93
Diabetic	62	15	9	38
Post-surgical1	20	2	5	13
Atypical2	19	3	2	14
Total	223	43	22	158

¹Post-surgical gastroparesis consisted of patients with history of duodenal-jejunostomy, esophagectomy, fundoplication, gastric sleeve, gastric banding, gastric bypass, hiatal hernia repair, and vagotomy with pyloroplasty.

²Atypical gastroparesis consisted of gastroparesis patients with history of Bulimia, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, Lupus, Parkinson’s Disease, Reflux Sympathetic Dystrophy, Scleroderma and Sjogren’s Syndrome.