Predictive factors associated with carcinoid syndrome in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors

Table 4 Patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: Results of final model

Independent variable1	Development database		Validation database
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age group
18-44 vs 65+	2.30 (1.26-4.23)	0.007	4.88 (0.56-42.11)	0.150
45-54 vs 65+	1.94 (1.14-3.31)	0.015	3.63 (0.43-30.41)	0.235
55-64 vs 65+	2.01 (1.20-3.38)	0.008	3.85 (0.46-31.93)	0.212
Number of chronic conditions	0.94 (0.87-1.01)	0.093	1.13 (1.02-1.24)	0.014
Abdominal pain	1.50 (1.08-2.09)	0.016	1.22 (0.83-1.77)	0.309
Dyslipidemia	1.52 (1.08-2.15)	0.016	0.83 (0.55-1.25)	0.373
Diverticulosis of colon	1.55 (1.08-2.24)	0.019	1.16 (0.72-1.86)	0.537
Liver disorder2	2.12 (1.40-3.20)	< 0.001	3.38 (2.07-5.51)	< 0.001
Enlarged lymph nodes	2.33 (1.38-3.92)	0.001	2.13 (1.10-4.11)	0.025
Type 2 diabetes	0.59 (0.38-0.92)	0.021	0.89 (0.54-1.48)	0.653
Abdominal mass	1.89 (1.06-3.37)	0.031	3.79 (1.87-7.69)	< 0.001
Dyspepsia and other specified disorders of function of stomach	2.95 (1.60-5.43)	< 0.001	0.54 (0.23-1.26)	0.154

¹Variables found consistently significantly associated with risk of CS are bolded;

²Liver disorder includes other specified disorders of liver (ICD-9-CM 573.8x, 573.9x). CS: Carcinoid syndrome.