Negative oncologic impact of poor postoperative pain control in left-sided pancreatic cancer

Table 2 Clinicopathologic differences between the good pain control group and poor pain control group undergoing distal pancreatectomy n (%)

	Pain control group		P value
	Good(n = 53)	Poor(n = 13)
Age (yr)	65.6 ± 8.2	63.2 ± 11.3	0.378
Male gender	30 (56.6)	7 (53.8)	0.858
BMI (kg/m2)	23.1 ± 2.7	23.1 ± 2.4	0.993
Diabetes	17 (32.1)	3 (23.1)	0.739
ASA
1	16 (30.2)	5 (41.7)	0.342
2	22 (41.5)	6 (50.0)
3	15 (28.3)	1 (8.3)
Surgical approach
Open	35 (66.0)	7 (53.8)	0.523
MIS	18 (34.0%)	6 (46.2)
Spleen preservation	7 (13.2)	2 (15.4)	> 0.999
Operation time (min)	254.1 ± 95.3	304.6 ± 89.0	0.088
Intraoperative bleeding (mL)	364.2 ± 296.0	470.38 ± 624.8	0.373
Intraoperative transfusion	5 (9.4)	3 (23.1)	0.185
Tumor size (cm)			0.407
< 3	30 (56.6)	9 (69.2)
≥ 3	23 (43.4)	4 (30.8)
pT stage			0.148
T0	3 (5.7)	0 (0)
T1	3 (5.7)	2 (15.4)
T2	2 (3.8)	1 (7.7)
T3	45 (84.9)	9 (69.2)
T4	0 (0.0)	1 (7.7)
pN stage			0.851
N0	27 (50.9)	7 (53.8)
N1	26 (49.1)	6 (46.2)
pTNM staging			0.429
I	5 (9.5)	2 (15.4)
II	44 (83.0)	10 (77.0)
III	0 (0.0)	1 (7.7)
IV	1 (1.9)	0 (0.0)
R status			0.121
R0	47 (88.7)	11 (84.6)
R1	6 (11.3 )	1 (7.7)
R2	0 (0.0 )	1 (7.7)
Retrieved lymph nodes	14.8 ± 11.0	14.2 ± 6.6	0.735
Multivisceral resection	12 (22.6)	2 (15.4)	0.718
Combined resection	14 (26.4)	2 (15.4)	0.496
Lymphovascular invasion	14 (27.5)	4 (33.3)	0.729
Perineural invasion	34 (66.7)	5 (41.7)	0.185
Grade			0.499
Well	3 (6.4)	2 (16.7)
Moderate	38 (80.9)	9 (75.0)
Poor	6 (12.8)	1 (8.3)
Neoadjuvant CCRT	12 (22.6)	4 (30.8)	0.719
Preoperative CA19-9			0.154
< 300	34 (69.4)	12 (92.3)
≥ 300	15 (30.6)	1 (7.7)
Adjuvant treatment	39 (73.6)	9 (69.2)	0.739
Time to adjuvant treatment (d)	53.7 ± 36.8	63.0 ± 47.0	0.520
Complications
Minor	33 (62.3)	7 (53.8)	0.578
Major(≥ G3)	3 (7.3)	2 (28.6)	0.148
Use of PCA			0.445
IV PCA	34 (64.2)	10 (76.9)
Epidural PCA	17 (32.1)	2 (15.4)
None	2 (3.8)	1 (7.7)
Length of hospital stay (d)	17.1 ± 11.0	27.2 ± 45.9	0.446

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; CCRT: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy; MIS: Minimal invasive surgery; PCA: Patient-controlled analgesia.