Less common etiologies of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

Table 3 Common signs and symptoms of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency[1,14-16,18,19,22]

Sign/symptom	Associated findings
Excessive flatulence	Abdominal bloating or distension, cramps, belching
Steatorrhea	Fatty, bulky stools; increased bowel movements
Malnutrition	Weight loss, anorexia, fatigue
Vitamin D deficiency	Deficient bone mineralization, osteomalacia, osteoporosis
Vitamin K deficiency	Coagulation abnormalities, ecchymoses, bone metabolism deficiencies
Vitamin A deficiency	Night blindness, decreased immune competence
Vitamin E deficiency	Ataxia and peripheral neuropathy
Hypocalcemia	Muscle spasms, osteomalacia, osteoporosis
Hypoalbuminemia	Nail leukonychia