Crohn’s disease environmental factors in the developing world: A case-control study in a statewide catchment area in Brazil

Table 1 Demographics and environmental factors from Crohn’s disease and control groups (n = 308) n (%)

	Groups CD1 (n = 145)	Controls (n = 163)	P value1
Sex
Male	62 (42.8)	43 (26.4)	0.002
Female	83 (57.2)	120 (73.6)
Age (yr)
18-39	79 (54.5)	50 (30.7)	< 0.0001
40-80	66 (45.5)	113 (69.3)
Race
White	74 (51)	65 (39.9)	0.050
Non-white	71 (49)	98 (60.1)
Educational level
Elementary	45 (31)	79 (48.5)
High school	79 (54.5)	70 (42.9)	0.006
Graduate school	21 (14.5)	14 (8.6)
Family income2
< 3	46 (31.7)	54 (33.1)
3-5	44 (30.3)	55 (33.7)	0.730
> 5	40 (27.6)	36 (22.1)
No information	15 (10.3)	18 (11)
Rural area
No	114 (78.6)	106 (65)	0.008
Yes	31 (21.4)	57 (35)
Housing conditions
Inadequate	12 (8.3)	12 (7.4)	0.765
Adequate	133 (91.7)	151 (92.6)
Family size in adulthood (n)
Until 1	23 (15.9)	47 (28.8)
2-3	85 (58.6)	83 (50.9)	0.024
4-8	37 (25.5)	33 (20.2)
Family size in childhood (n)
1-3	45 (31)	35 (21.5)
4-6	61 (42.1)	56 (34.4)	0.006
> 7	39 (26.9)	72 (44.2)
Pets
No	30 (20.7)	21 (12.9)	0.066
Yes	115 (79.3)	142 (87.1)
Breastfeeding
No	12 (8.3)	13 (8)
Yes	125 (86.2)	133 (81.6)	0.289
Unknown	8 (5.5)	17 (10.4)
Exposure to untreated water
No	43 (29.7)	71 (43.6)	0.012
Yes	102 (70.3)	92 (56.4)
Vaccine (childhood)
No	12 (8.3)	20 (12.3)	0.252
Yes	133 (91.7)	143 (87.7)
Viral diseases (childhood)
No	17 (11.7)	11 (6.7)	0.129
Yes	128 (88.3)	152 (93.3)
Helmintic infections
No	45 (31)	45 (27.6)	0.509
Yes	100(69)	118 (72.4)
Exposure to enteric pathogens
No	67 (46.2)	106 (65)	0.001
Yes	78 (53.8)	57 (35)
Previous appendectomy
No	133 (91.7)	153 (93.9)	0.466
Yes	12 (8.3)	10 (6.1)
Tobacco exposure
Never	86 (59.3)	106 (65)
Prior	42 (29)	33 (20.2)	0.190
Current	17 (11.7)	24 (14.7)
Family history
No	132 (91)	153 (93.9)	0.346
Yes	13 (9)	10 (6.1)

¹χ² test;

²Minimum wage. CD: Crohn’s disease.