Prognostic factors associated with mortality in patients with gastric fundal variceal bleeding

Table 2 Factors associated with 90-d mortality related to gastric fundal variceal bleeding

Parameters	Univariate analysis				Multivariate analysis
	β	P value	R	HR (95%CI)	β	P value	R	HR (95%CI)
Sex (F/M)	0.2393	0.7354	0	1.27 (0.32-5.09)
Age (yr)	0.0291	0.3215	0	1.03 (0.97-1.09)
History
Smoking	0.5698	0.4208	0	1.77 (0.44-7.08)
Alcohol	0.1163	0.8624	0	0.89 (0.24-3.32)
Disease conditions
Child-Pugh classification (C/B/A)	0.7513	0.1991	0	2.12 (0.67-6.67)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	1.6422	0.02091	0.23	5.17 (1.28-20.8)	2.3041	0.00921	0.28	10.01 (1.77-56.74)
Hepatic encephalopathy	0.8163	0.3115	0	2.26 (0.47-10.99)
Form of GFV (F2 or F3/F1)	−0.263	0.8046	0	0.77 (0.10-6.16)
Concurrent esophageal varices	−0.233	0.7422	0	0.79 (0.20-3.17)
Etiology of liver cirrhosis (non-viral/viral)	−1.215	0.1302	−0.07	0.30 (0.06-1.43)
Treatment of GFV
Success of initial treatment	−2.176	0.00811	−0.28	0.11 (0.02-0.57)
Initial treatment (non-EIS/EIS/none)	0.0253	0.9726	0	1.03 (0.24-4.36)
Antibiotics	−1.637	0.04131	−0.18	0.19 (0.04-0.94)	−2.5412	0.00861	−0.28	0.08 (0.01-0.52)
Blood transfusion	3.1861	0.4892	0	1.96 (0.32-14.68)
Rebleeding after initial treatment	1.5956	0.01771	0.24	4.94 (1.32-18.42)
Medications before admission
NSAIDs	0.5802	0.4697	0	1.79 (0.37-8.61)
Proton pump inhibitors	1.5316	0.03061	0.2	4.63 (1.15-18.53)	2.5465	0.00531	0.29	12.76 (2.13-76.52)
Blood test results
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	−0.012	0.9458	0	0.99 (0.70-1.39)
Albumin (g/dL)	−1.429	0.0951	−0.11	0.24 (0.04-1.28)
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.1916	0.3572	0	1.21 (0.81-1.82)

¹P < 0.05. Hazard risk ratios were calculated using a Cox proportional hazard model. HR: Hazard risk ratio; GFV: Gastric fundal varices; EIS: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.