α2-Heremans-schmid glycoprotein (fetuin A) downregulation and its utility in inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Patient/control and disease characteristics

	UC	CD	IBS	HC
No	96	84	62	180
Age, yr (mean ± SD)	50.2 ± 13.4	42.3 ± 15.6	49 ± 19.4	46.7 ± 12.3
Age at onset
≥ 40 yr	-	15	-	-
< 40 yr	-	69	-	-
Sex
Male	60	45	36	114
Female	36	39	26	66
Current smoking
Yes	24	57	39	93
No	72	27	23	87
Disease extent (UC)
Proctitis	16	-	-	-
Left-sided colitis	28	-	-	-
Pancolitis	52	-	-	-
Disease location (CD)
Upper GI involvement	-	11	-	-
Ileum	-	32	-	-
Colon	-	10	-	-
Ileocolon	-	41	-	-
Disease behavior (CD)
NS/NP	-	49	-	-
Stricturing	-	20	-	-
Penetrating	-	15	-	-
Extraintestinal manifestations
None	69	33	-	-
≥1	27	51	-	-
Treatment for remission
5-ASA	94	82	-	-
Corticosteroids	45	60	-	-
Immunosuppressants	18	30	-	-
Anti- TNFα	3	24	-	-
Surgery	3	12	-	-

UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; IBS: Irritable Bowel Syndrome; HC: Healthy controls; GI: Gastrointestinal; NS/NP: Non stricturing/non penetrating; ASA: Aminosalicylates; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.