Epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents: A systematic review

Table 2 Prevalence or frequency of functional gastrointestinal disorders: Nausea and vomiting problems in children and adolescents

Author, year, country	Study design, setting	Sample size (participation %)	Age bracket yr	Case definition	Case ascertainment	Score1	FGID subtype prevalence % (CI 95%)
							Cyclic vomiting	Aerophagia	Rumination
Bhatia et al[6], 2016, India	Cross-sectional, school-based	1200 (93.3)	10-17	Rome III	Self-reported QPGS-RIII	5	0.2	1.5	0.3
					Medical records
					Physical examination
Caplan et al[18], 2005, Canada	Cross-sectional, tertiary care	315 (NR)	4-18	Rome II	Self-reported QPGS	3	p 4-9 yr = 6.2	p 4-9 yr = 1.1
					Parental QPGS		p 10-18 yr = 2.2	p 10-18 yr = 2.2
					Clinical evaluation		a 10-18 yr = 4.3	a 10-18 yr = 1.4
Devanarayana et al[36], 2010, Sri Lanka	Cross-sectional, school-based	464 (92)	12-16	Rome II	Self-reported QPGS	4	0.2	6.1
				Rome III			0.5	6.3	4.0
Helgeland et al[35], 2009, Norway	Cross-sectional, secondary care	192 (79.1)	4-15	Rome III	Parental QPGS-III	3	6.0	15.0	2.0
					Clinical evaluation
					Medical records
					Physical examination
					Laboratory exams
Játiva et al[30], 2016, Ecuador	Cross-sectional, school-based	420 (99.3)	8-15	Rome III	Self-reported QPGS-RIII	3	1.0	2.6	0.7
					Parental standard questionnaire
Lewis et al[25], 2016, United States	Cross-sectional, online panel community	1447 (NR)	4-18	Rome III	Parental QPGS-RIII	2	1.1	4.3	0.0
					PedsQL4.0
Lu et al[28], 2016, Panama	Cross-sectional, school-based	436 (82.8)	8-14	Rome III	Self-reported QPGS-RIII	4	0.3 (0.0-0.9)	0.3 (0.0-0.9)	0.0
					Parental standard questionnaire
Sagawa et al[16], 2012, Japan	Cross-sectional, school-based	3976 (NR)	10-17	Rome III	Self-reported QPGS-RIII	6	0.2	2.0	0.1
					Self-reported PedsQL4.0
					Clinical evaluation
Saps et al[26], 2014, Colombia	Cross-sectional, school-based	488 (83.2)	10.0 (mean age)	Rome III	Self-reported QPGS-RIII	4	0.3 (0.0-1.7)
					Parental standard questionnaire
Uc et al[22], 2006, United States	Cross-sectional, primary care	243 (100)	4-17	Rome II	Parental QPGS	4	0.8	2.5
					Clinical evaluation
van Tilburg et al[24], 2013, United States	Cross-sectional, tertiary care	135 (NR)	4-18	Rome III	Self-reported QPGS-III	3	p = 0.8	p = 0.8	p = 0.8
					Parental QPGS-III		c/a = 5.3	c/a = 3.5	c/a = 5.3
					Clinical evaluation		ph = 0	ph = 0	ph = 0
					Medical records
Zablah et al[27], 2015, El Salvador	Cross-sectional, school-based	434 (NR)	8-15	Rome III	Self-reported QPGS-RIII	3		0.5	0.2
					Parental standard questionnaire

¹Score: Methodological strength of study (maximum 8) by Loney’s criteria. NR: Not reported; w: With; p: Parents; c: Children; a: Adolescents; ph: Physician; QPGS-RIII: Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms - Rome III; QPGS: Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms - Rome II; PedsQL4.0 Pediatric Quality of Life version Inventory 4.0.