Hepatitis A virus infection and hepatitis A vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: A review

Table 8 Long-term response rates and predictors of sustained seroprotection after hepatitis A virus vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients

Ref.	Dates	Design/Country	No. of patient1	HAV/dosing schedules (mo)	CD4, cells/mm3	PVL, log10, copies/mL	ART (%)	Timing of assay2, yr/cut-off3, mIU/mL/Assay	Response rate (%): ITT/PP	Predictors of persistent response and comments4
Cheng et al[136]	2010-2015	Prospective, Taiwan	Primary responders:	HAVRIX 1440 U/	560/415	2.5/2.8	70/56	2, 3, 4, 5/20	At 1.5 yr:	MSM only study; 3-doses over 2-dose, syphilis, lack of acute HCV
			2 doses, 110	2 doses (0, 6)				ELISA (ETIAB- HAVK PLUS)	2 doses: 90.0/93.4
			3 doses, 185	3 doses (0, 1, 6)					3 doses: 87.0/94.7
			Non-		470/315	2.9/3.3	59/63		At 5 yr:
			responders:						2 doses: 76.4/88.4
			2 doses, 16						3 doses: 78.9/94.2
			3 doses, 23
Kernéis et al[137]	2006-2009	Prospective, France	Primary responders:	HAVRIX 1440/	362	62%5	NA	7, 43/20	At 3.7 yr:	PVL < 50 copies/mL at time of last vaccine dose and a short duration of HIV infection
			71 (52)	2 doses (0, 6)				ELISA (ETIAB-	Overall: 61.9/84.6
				3 doses (0, 1, 6)				HAVK PLUS)
Jablonowska et al[138]	2004	Prospective, Poland	Primary responders:	HAVRIX 1440	450	NA	37	1.5, 5/20	At 1.5 yr:	Lack of co-infection with HCV
			66	(0, 6)				CIA (Cobas, Roche)	75.8/81.9
									At 5 yr:
									56.1/75.5
Crum-Cianflone et al[135]	1996-2003	Retrospective, United States	116	Vaqta 50 or HAVRIX 1440 (0, 6-18)	Median, 467	50%5	62	3, 6-10/10	At 3 yr:	Lower PVL; PVL < 400 copies/mL
									90
									At 6-10 yr:
									85

¹Number of vaccinees with primary seroconversion after the last dose of vaccine; (figure in parentheses is the number of vaccinees with primary conversion and subsequent sera for follow-up of antibody persistence);

²Duration specified after the first dose when primary serological response was assayed;

³Cut-off value of specific anti-HAV IgG used to define serological response;

⁴Factors identified by multivariate analysis in HIV-positive individuals unless specified;

⁵Percentage of patients with undetectable plasma HIV RNA load. ART: Antiretroviral therapy; CIA: Chemiluminescence immunoassay; ELISA: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; HAV: Hepatitis A virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; ITT: Intention-to-treat; MSM: Men who have sex with men; NA: Not available; PVL: Plasma HIV RNA load; PP: Per-protocol.