Clinical characteristics of peptic ulcer perforation in Korea

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of enrolled population n (%)

Variables	Total	Gastric ulcer	Duodenal ulcer	P value
	(n = 396)	(n = 173)	(n = 223)
Sex (men)	337 (85.1)	145 (83.8)	192 (86.1)	0.57
Age	50.6 ± 18.3	51.4 ± 19.0	50.1 ± 17.8	0.49
BMI (kg/m2)	21.7 ± 2.9	21.5 ± 2.9	21.9 ± 3.0	0.14
Alcohol consumption	187 (47.2)	76 (43.9)	111 (49.8)	0.27
Current smoking	221 (55.8)	98 (56.6)	123 (55.2)	0.84
Previous ulcer history	54 (13.6)	27 (15.6)	27 (12.1)	0.38
Comorbidity	123 (31.1)	61 (35.3)	62 (27.8)	0.13
Cardiovascular disease	83 (67.5)	38 (62.3)	45 (72.6)	0.22
DM	41 (33.3)	18 (29.5)	23 (37.1)	0.45
Chronic liver disease	13 (10.6)	8 (13.1)	5 (8.1)	0.40
Cerebrovascular disease	11 (8.9)	4 (6.6)	7 (11.3)	0.36
Malignancy	9 (7.3)	6 (9.8)	3 (4.8)	0.24
Chronic kidney injury	6 (4.9)	4 (6.6)	2 (3.2)	0.33
Pulmonary disease	4 (3.3)	3 (4.9)	1 (1.6)	0.30
Infectious disease	3 (2.4)	2 (3.3)	1 (1.6)	0.49
Current medication
NSAIDs	44 (11.2)	20 (11.7)	24 (10.8)	0.87
Steroid	8 (2.0)	5 (2.9)	3 (1.3)	0.23
Proton pump inhibitor	19 (4.8)	11 (6.4)	8 (3.6)	0.24
H2-blocker	12 (3.0)	5 (2.9)	7 (3.1)	> 0.99
Presentation				0.39
Abdominal pain	365 (92.2)	155 (89.6)	210 (94.2)
Melena/hematemesis	16 (4.0)	9 (5.2)	7 (3.1)
Shock	5 (1.3)	2 (1.2)	3 (1.3)
Epigastric soreness	6 (1.5)	4 (2.3)	2 (0.9)
Nausea/vomiting	4 (1.0)	3 (1.7)	1 (0.4)
Laboratory findings
White blood count (x103/uL)	13.4 ± 7.8	12.9 ± 5.3	13.8 ± 9.4	0.24
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.7 ± 6.0	13.7 ± 8.8	13.7 ± 2.2	0.95
Serum Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.02 ± 0.7	1.01 ± 0.7	1.03 ± 0.6	0.87
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	93.7 ± 89.0	88.9 ± 86.0	97.2 ± 91.1	0.39
Anatomical findings
Location
Stomach	173 (43.7)
Body		11 (6.4)
Antrum		62 (35.8)
Pylorus		100 (57.8)
Duodenum	223 (56.3)
Bulb			218 (97.8)
2nd portion			5 (2.2)
Size				0.82
≥ 1 cm	126 (37.6)	58 (38.4)	68 (37.0)
< 1 cm	209 (62.4)	93 (61.6)	116 (63.0)
H. pylori test
Positivity H. pylori test	78/174 (44.8)	30/72 (41.7)	48/102 (47.1)	0.48
Rapid urease test	60 (76.9)	26 (86.7)	34 (70.8)
Urea breath test	5 (6.4)	2 (6.7)	3 (6.2)
Serology test	13 (16.7)	2 (6.7)	11 (22.9)
Operation	388 (98.0)	170 (98.3)	218 (97.8)	0.51
Primary closure and/or omentopexy	307 (79.5)	139 (81.7)	168 (77.8)
Pyloroplasty and/or vagotomy	43 (11.1)	15 (8.8)	28 (13.0)
Total/subtotal gastrectomy or antrectomy	36 (9.3)	16 (9.5)	20 (9.2)
Others (Whipple’s operation, drainage)	2 (0.5)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.9)
Medical treatment	8 (2.0)	3 (1.7)	5 (2.2)	0.09
Clinical course
Hospital stay	13.1 ± 9.4	13.4 ± 10.4	12.8 ± 8.7	0.54
Complication	36 (9.1)	21 (12.1)	15 (6.7)	0.08
In hospital mortality	3 (0.8)	2 (1.2)	1 (0.4)	0.58

PPU: Perforated peptic ulcer; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.