Retrospective Study Open Access
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 28, 2017; 23(12): 2209-2216
Published online Mar 28, 2017. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i12.2209
possible role of soluble fibrin monomer complex after gastroenterological surgery
Masatoshi Kochi, Hiroyuki Egi, Kazuaki Tanabe, Tomohiro Adachi, Hideki Ohdan, Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima city, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
Manabu Shimomura, Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Higashihiroshima Medical Center, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-0041, Japan
Takao Hinoi, Hirotaka Tashiro, Department of Surgery, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chu-goku Cancer Center, Kure City, Hiroshima 737-0023, Japan
Yasuyo Ishizaki, Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Hiroshima-nishi Medical Center, Otake City, Hiroshima 739-0696, Japan
Author contributions: Shimomura M designed the study; Kochi M and Shimomura M analyzed and interpreted the data; Hinoi T, Egi H, Tanabe K, Ishizaki Y and Adachi T participated in this clinical study and treated the patients; Kochi M and Shimomura M wrote the paper; Ohdan H is the chief clinical investigator; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Institutional review board statement: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Hiroshima University Hospital.
Informed consent statement: All patients gave informed consent prior to study enrolment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Manabu Shimomura, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Higashihiroshima Medical Center, 513 Jike, Saijyo-cho, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-0041, Japan. manabus761215@gmail.com
Telephone: +81-82-4232176 Fax: +81-82-4224675
Received: November 15, 2016
Peer-review started: November 18, 2016
First decision: December 19, 2016
Revised: January 5, 2017
Accepted: March 2, 2017
Article in press: March 2, 2017
Published online: March 28, 2017

Abstract
AIM

To examine the role of soluble fibrin monomer complex (SFMC) in the prediction of hypercoagulable state after gastroenterological surgery.

METHODS

We collected data on the clinical risk factors and fibrin-related makers from patients who underwent gastroenterological surgery at Hiroshima University Hospital between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2015. We investigated the clinical significance of SFMC, which is known to reflect the early plasmatic activation of coagulation, in the view of these fibrin related markers.

RESULTS

A total of 123 patients were included in the present study. There were no patients with symptomatic VTE. Thirty-five (28%) patients received postoperative anticoagulant therapy. In the multivariate analysis, a high SFMC level on POD 1 was independently associated with D-dimer elevation on POD 7 (OR = 4.31, 95%CI: 1.10-18.30, P = 0.03). The cutoff SFMC level was 3.8 μg/mL (AUC = 0.78, sensitivity, 63%, specificity, 89%). The D-dimer level on POD 7 was significantly reduced in high-SFMC patients who received anticoagulant therapy in comparison to high-SFMC patients who did not.

CONCLUSION

The SFMC on POD 1 strongly predicted the hypercoagulable state after gastroenterological surgery than the clinical risk factors and the other fibrin related markers.

Key Words: Hypercoagulable state, Gastroenterological surgery, Soluble fibrin monomer complex, Venous thromboembolism, Anticoagulant therapy

Core tip: We found that the plasma level of soluble fibrin monomer complex (SFMC) on POD 1 was more strongly associated with D-dimer elevation on POD 7 than were the clinical risk factors or other fibrin-related markers in 123 cases after gastroenterological surgery, suggesting the possible role of SFMC in the prediction of a hypercoagulable state and subsequent venous thromboembolism. The present study also demonstrated the possibility that the plasma levels of SFMC could be used as an indication for anticoagulant therapy in patients who have undergone gastroenterological surgery.



INTRODUCTION

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a significant complication after gastroenterological surgery. Thrombosis is sometimes fatal and can worsen a patient’s quality of life[1]. VTE is an important, potentially preventable condition that has the potential to increase the rates of morbidity and mortality[2,3].

The current American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP 2012) guideline recommends pharmacological prophylaxis with low-molecular weight heparin or low-dose unfractionated heparin in addition to mechanical prophylaxis such as elastic stockings and intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) for general and abdominal-pelvic surgery patients who are at high risk for VTE (approximately 6.0%)[4,5]. The Caprini score is widely accepted for selecting patients with a high clinical risk for VTE (score ≥ 5); however, the majority of patients who undergo gastroenterological surgery for malignant tumors are considered to be high risk. Although postoperative anticoagulant therapy is regarded as important for preventing VTE, it is not routinely used after gastroenterological surgery, mainly because it is associated with bleeding complications and epidural hematoma after epidural anesthesia.

The risk of VTE varies according to the thrombotic risk factors of individual patients; these include age, sex, obesity, cancer, familial history, infection, heart disease, respiratory disease, hormone treatment and poor functional status[1,4,6]. Thus, in order to confirm a suspected VTE event after gastroenterological surgery, it is important to develop a diagnostic marker with high sensitivity and specificity. The establishment of a marker that can identify patients who are at high risk for VTE will help to minimize the disadvantages associated with anticoagulant therapy and unnecessary radiography.

Soluble fibrin monomer complex (SFMC) appears in the bloodstream during the extremely early stage of blood coagulation. Thrombin cleaves fibrinopeptides from a fibrinogen molecule, and yields a fibrin monomer. When fibrin monomers are produced in the presence of fibrinogens, two fibrinogen molecules and one fibrin monomer create a soluble complex known as SFMC (Figure 1). SFMC reflects the plasmatic activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis[7,8]. However, there is little known about the clinical significance of SFMC after gastroenterological surgery.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Schema of soluble fibrin monomer complex. Soluble fibrin monomer complex (SFMC) appears in the bloodstream during the extremely early stage of blood coagulation, and reflects the plasmatic activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis.

The aim of the present study was to examine the possible role of the plasma level of SFMC in the prediction of hypercoagulable state and the subsequent VTE after gastroenterological surgery and to assess whether it can be used to indicate postoperative anticoagulant therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively collected data related to the clinical risk factors for VTE and fibrin-related makers from 135 consecutive patients who had undergone gastroenterological surgery due to a diagnosed malignance or to treat a general abdominal disorder at Hiroshima University Hospital between April 1, 2014, and March 31, 2015. The levels of D-dimer, fibrin degradation products (FDP), SFMC, and thrombin antithrombin complex (TAT) (fibrin-related markers) were measured at four time points in the perioperative period (before and 1, 3, and 7 d after surgery). Twelve patients were excluded from the study due to missing fibrin-related marker data.

Symptomatic VTE did not occur in this study population. The D-dimer level on POD 7 reflected the hypercoagulable state after surgery and it have previously demonstrated the association of the presence of VTE; therefore, the D-dimer level on POD 7 was used as the main outcome in this study.

VTE prevention in the perioperative period

Mechanical prophylaxis against VTE, including the postoperative use of elastic stockings (ESs) and IPC was routinely applied in all cases. In the present study, unfractionated heparin (via continuous infusion unfractionated heparin for one week at a dose that maintained the APTT at 1.5 to 2 times the reference value) was administrated for the patients who was preoperatively medicated by anticoagulant therapy. Pharmacological prophylaxis was administered to the patients at high clinical risk of VTE, as determined by the original risk classification based on the Caprini score and the Japanese VTE guidelines. The safety and validity of this risk classification were demonstrated in the previous article[9]. Pharmacological prophylaxis was administrated by low molecular weight heparin: Enoxaparin sodium [via subcutaneous injection, two times a day, with enoxaparin sodium (2000 IU) for one week]. Thus, postoperative anticoagulant therapy was administrated in 35 patients (28%). Unless contraindicated, anticoagulant therapy initiated from 24 h after surgery to one week after surgery.

Post-operative pain control in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy was achieved via intravenous anesthesia (as a substitute for epidural anesthesia).

Plasma sample analyses

The levels of D-dimer (LIAS AUTO® D-dimer NEO, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan), SFMC (AUTO LIA® FM, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan), and FDP (LIAS AUTO® P-FDP, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) were measured by the latex agglutination method using a commercial immunoassay kit (LIAS AUTO® D-dimer NEO, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). All tests were performed on a Sysmex CS5100 analyzer (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan).

TAT was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (HISCL® TAT, Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). This test was performed on a Sysmex HISCL2000i analyzer (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). In all analyses, statistical significance was set at a P value less than 0.05. The standard values were as follows: D-dimer, ≤ 1 μg/mL; FDP, ≤ 5 μg/mL; SFMC, ≤ 7 μg/mL; and TAT, < 4 ng/mL.

Statistical analysis

Pearson’s χ2 test was used to analyze each clinical characteristic, in order to determine the factors associated with postoperative hypercoagulability. These variables were dichotomized in the analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created to determine the appropriate cutoff points. Factors with a P value of < 0.05 on the univariate analysis were subjected to a multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model. The results of the multivariate analysis are presented as the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI with the corresponding P-value. All of the analyses were performed using the JMP software program (version 11, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, United States). The statistical methods of this study were reviewed by Minoru Hattori from Hiroshima University.

RESULTS
Patient characteristics

The final study population included 123 patients (68 males and 55 females), the median age was 67 years (range, 32 to 89 years), the median operation time was 319 min (range, 74-795), the median bleeding volume was 70 mL (range, 5-4135). The patients’ characteristics and clinical data are summarized in Table 1. There were no patients with symptomatic VTE in this study population. Thirty-five patients (28%) received postoperative anticoagulant therapy. Bleeding complications occurred in 5 (14%) patients who received anticoagulant therapy (Clavien-Dindo Grade 1, n = 4; Grade 2, n = 1).

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients n (%).
Characteristicn = 123
Age, median (range)67 (32-89)
Sex, Female55 (45)
BMI (kg/m2), median (range)22.8 (15.2-33.2)
Performance status
0-2119 (97)
3-44 (3)
Surgical procedure
Gastrectomy32 (26)
Small bowel resection5 (4)
Colectomy45 (36)
Proctectomy32 (26)
Stoma closure2 (2)
Others7 (6)
Surgical technique
Laparoscopic surgery86 (70)
Operative time (min), median (range)319 (74-795)
Bleeding volume (ml), median (range)70 (5-4135)
Clinical risk factors for VTE
Malignancy118 (96)
Metastatic disease16 (13)
Diabetes mellitus16 (13)
Varicose vein1 (0.8)
Hormone therapy4 (3)
CV catheter4 (3)
Preoperative infection7 (6)
Cardiovascular disease6 (5)
Antiplatelet therapy10 (8)
Pelvic surgery22 (18)
Previous history of VTE0
Univariate and multivariate analyses of the risk factors for D-dimer elevation on POD 7 in patients without anticoagulant therapy

We analyzed the correlation between D-dimer elevation on POD 7 and the clinical risk factors for VTE among the 88 patients who did not receive anticoagulant therapy. The median cutoff level for D-dimer on POD 7 was 6.45. In the univariate analysis the group with a higher D-dimer level (≥ 6.45 μg/mL) on POD 7, included a greater number of patients of ≥ 75 years of age, required a longer surgical time (≥ 321 min), and had a higher levels of D-dimer, FDP, TAT, and SFMC on POD 1 than the group of patients with lower D-dimer levels (< 6.45 μg/mL) on POD 7. According to a multivariate analysis, the SFMC on POD 1 (OR = 4.31, 95%CI: 1.10-18.30, P = 0.03) was an independent risk factor for D-dimer elevation on POD7 (Table 2). Their cutoff points with sensitivities and specificities were determined by a ROC analysis. The cutoff point of SFMC was 3.8 μg/mL, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.78, a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 89%.

Table 2 The relationship between the D-dimer level on POD 7 and the clinical characteristics of patients who did not receive anticoagulant therapy.
Clinical risk factors for VTED-dimer (POD 7)
UnivariateMultivariate
Low(< 6.45)High(6.45)P valueOR95%CIP value
Age
< 753726< 0.012.480.70-9.210.15
≥ 75718
Sex
Male20210.83
Female2423
Performance status
0-243431.00
3-411
Operative time (min)
< 3213219< 0.012.090.64-6.920.21
≥ 3211225
Bleeding volume (mL)
< 11335280.09
≥ 113916
Laparoscopic surgery
No11160.24
Yes3328
Malignancy
Absence230.64
Presence4241
Metastatic disease
Absence38390.74
Presence65
Diabetes mellitus
Absence39391.00
Presence55
Hormone therapy
Absence43431.00
Presence11
CV catheter
Absence42430.55
Presence21
Preoperative infection
Absence42410.64
Presence23
Antiplatelet therapy
Absence41400.69
Presence34
Pelvic surgery
Absence41411.00
Presence33
Caprini score
< 724150.05
≥ 72029
Fibrin-related markers
D-dimer (μg/mL) < 0.617120.11
Preoperative ≥ 0.61321
D-dimer (μg/mL) < 3.83311< 0.012.880.56-14.820.19
POD1 ≥ 3.81133
FDP (μg/mL) < 10.13818< 0.011.420.25-7.650.68
POD1 ≥ 10.1626
TAT (ng/mL) POD1
< 8.33412< 0.011.830.44-7.270.39
≥ 8.31032
SFMC (μg/mL) < 3.83916< 0.014.311.10-18.300.03
POD1 ≥ 3.8528
Univariate and multivariate analyses of the risk factors for SFMC elevation on POD 1 in the whole study population

We analyzed the correlation between SFMC elevation on POD 1 and the clinical risk factors and surgical factors. In the univariate analysis, there were significant differences in age, the operative time, and the administration of antiplatelet therapy. Subsequently, in the multivariate analysis, age and operative time were found to be independent risk factors for SFMC elevation on POD 1 (Table 3).

Table 3 The relationship between the soluble fibrin monomer complex on POD 1 and the clinical characteristics of the patients.
Clinical risk factors for VTESFMC (POD 1)
UnivariateMultivariate
Low(< 3.8)High(≥ 3.8)P valueOR95%CIP value
Age
< 7559270.012.441.07-5.660.03
≥ 751621
Sex
Male45230.18
Female3025
BMI (kg/m2)
< 2771470.37
≥ 2741
Performance status
0-273460.64
3-422
Operative time (min)
< 32145180.012.331.08-5.120.02
≥ 3213030
Bleeding volume (mL)
< 11347280.63
≥ 1132820
Laparoscopic surgery
No25120.32
Yes5036
Malignancy
Absence500.06
Presence7048
Metastatic disease
Absence65420.89
Presence106
Diabetes mellitus
Absence67400.33
Presence88
Varicose vein
Absence75470.2
Presence01
Hormone therapy
Absence72470.55
Presence31
CV catheter
Absence72470.55
Presence31
Preoperative infection
Absence71450.83
Presence43
Cardiovascular disease
Absence73440.15
Presence24
Antiplatelet therapy
Absence72410.033.040.74-15.300.12
Presence37
Pelvic surgery
Absence62390.84
Presence139
Caprini score
< 736170.16
≥ 73931
Fibrin-related markers
D-dimer (μg/mL) < 0.626110.12
Preoperative ≥ 0.63025
Possible indications for anticoagulant therapy based on the SFMC level on POD 1

The anticoagulant therapy group and the no anticoagulant therapy group (n = 88) were divided into two subgroups [the SFMC-high group (POD 1 SFMC ≥ 3.8 μg/mL) and the SFMC-low group (POD 1 SFMC < 3.8 μg/mL)], and the D-dimer levels on PODs 1, 3, and 7 were examined to confirm the patients’ hypercoagulability. In the no anticoagulant therapy group, the D-dimer levels were significantly higher at every point of measurement than they were in the SFMC-low group. In the anticoagulant therapy group, however, there was no significant difference in the D-dimer levels on POD 7 (P = 0.14). Among the SFMC-High group, the D-dimer level on POD 7 was significantly reduced in patients who underwent anticoagulant therapy in comparison to patients who did not. This suggests the possibility that anticoagulant therapy might be indicated based on the SFMC level.

DISCUSSION

In the current study, we demonstrated the SFMC predicted the postoperative hypercoagulable state more strongly than other clinical risk factors, including the Caprini score and the levels of other fibrin related markers on POD 1.

A hypercoagulable state is a precursor condition of VTE, which is a significant complication that is associated with a poor prognosis, increased morbidity and a longer hospital stay[3]. Since it is well known that most cases of VTE are asymptomatic, perioperative patients who do not receive pharmacological prophylaxis should be carefully monitored to allow for the early detection of VTE[10]. If we could detect the hypercoagulable state and presence of VTE using a simple blood test, we could expect a dramatic reduction in unnecessary imaging examinations, which would reduce both radiation exposure and the use of contrast agents that are needed for computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA)[11,12]. The aim of a marker that identifies patients with a high risk of developing VTE will help to minimize the disadvantages of anticoagulant therapy and unnecessary radiographic examinations.

SFMC, which reflects acute intravascular fibrin formation, has been recognized as an independent marker for predicting VTE after orthopedic surgery, due to the substantial elevation of SFMC levels in patients who develop VTE[3,10,11,13]. Although SFMC is a cost-effective and safe diagnostic method, little is known about the changes in SFMC levels after gastroenterological surgery. No studies have evaluated SFMC levels or the cutoff SFMC level for the diagnosis of thrombosis after gastroenterological surgery. Since most VTE events occur during the first week after surgery, we evaluated the risk factors based on the characteristics of patients, surgical factors, and blood tests on POD 1 with the aim of detecting suspected cases of VTE during the early postoperative phase[3,7,10,11,13].

In the current study, we demonstrated that among 88 patients without anticoagulant therapy, the SFMC level on POD 1 was an independent risk factor for D-dimer elevation on POD 7. There were no significant differences in the other clinical risk factors or fibrin-related markers. With a cutoff point of 3.8 μg/mL, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and odds ratio of the SFMC on POD 1 were 63%, 89% and 4.31, respectively. In previous studies in which SFMC was used to predict VTE (cutoff points: 7.05-19.8 μg/mL) the sensitivity and specificity were 88% and 62 to 90%, respectively[10,13]. This difference in the cutoff points is considered to be due to the clinical endpoint (D-dimer elevation or the occurrence of VTE). An ROC analysis showed moderate accuracy in the prediction of D-dimer elevation on POD 7 using a cutoff point of 6.45 μg/mL (AUC: 0.78). Given that some reports used postoperative D-dimer cutoff values of 6.1 to 7.5 μg/mL for predicting the VTE, we consider this clinical endpoint to be reasonable[11,14].

Although, patients who are considered to have a high clinical risk for VTE based on the presence of risk factors such as pelvic surgery, obesity, and a previous history of thrombosis tend to receive appropriate perioperative anticoagulant therapy, the administration of perioperative anticoagulant therapy to patients who are deemed to have a low clinical risk of VTE is controversial[15]. Surgeons may withhold perioperative anticoagulant therapy due to the risk of bleeding complications. Major bleeding is reported to occur in 2.9% to 9.4% of patients during the period of pharmacological prophylaxis[16,17]. In the current study, post-operative bleeding complications, including subcutaneous bleeding, conjunctival bleeding, melena, and intraabdominal hemorrhage, occurred in 11.4% (5 of 35) of the patients. However, the incidence of major bleeding that necessitated a blood transfusion was 2% (1 of 35). The bleeding complications were classified as Grade 1, n = 4; Grade 2, n = 1 (Clavien-Dindo classification). We were therefore able to administer chemoprophylaxis without serious bleeding complications. Although this study did not use epidural anesthesia to avoid the risk of spinal epidural hematoma, previous studies have reported spinal epidural hematoma due to anticoagulant therapy to be extremely rare[18]. Thus, the use of epidural anesthesia during anticoagulant therapy should be the subject of future studies.

In the current study, elderly patients and a longer duration of surgery had an impact on the occurrence of SFMC elevation on POD 1 (Table 3), and anticoagulant therapy inhibited D-dimer elevation on POD 7 in the SFMC-high group (Figure 2). These results suggest that the selective administration of anticoagulant therapy to the patients of the SFMC-high group, especially patients who had these two risk factors, might be effective for preventing the development of VTE.

Figure 2
Figure 2 The postoperative kinetics of the D-dimer levels in patients who received anticoagulant therapy (A) and those who did not receive anticoagulant therapy (B). In the soluble fibrin monomer complex (SFMC)-High group, the plasma levels of D-dimer (POD 7) in patients who received anticoagulant therapy were reduced in comparison to those who did not. The mean D-dimer level ± SD in the SFMC-High group and - the SFMC-Low group. aP < 0.05.

The relationship between the preoperative SFMC and D-dimer levels and the development of VTE after surgery is important; however, the preoperative SFMC and D-dimer levels could not predict postoperative VTE in previous studies[10,13]. These studies indicate that the preoperative SFMC level was not increased in patients who developed postoperative VTE.

This study is associated with several limitations. First, because there were no cases of symptomatic VTE was found, the D-dimer level on POD 7, which is well known to have high sensitivity (79%-95%) and a negative predictive value of nearly 100%, was used for the clinical endpoint, rather than the occurrence of VTE[10,19,20]. However, D-dimer elevation can also represent infection, malignancy, heart failure, chronic renal disease and liver disease[19]. Thus, it might not reflect true VTE. It would be therefore be better to consider the inclusion of asymptomatic VTE and to confirm the cutoff points in further clinical studies. Second, the further diagnostic work-up of patients with asymptomatic VTE, such as ultrasound, CT and CTPA, was performed at the discretion of the surgical team.

In conclusion, the plasma level of SFMC on POD 1 strongly associated with D-dimer elevation on POD7 than the clinical risk factors and the other fibrin related markers, which indicated the possible role of SFMC in the prediction of hypercoagulable state and subsequent VTE. The present study also demonstrated the possibility that the plasma levels of SFMC could be used as an indication for anticoagulant therapy, and the selective administration of anticoagulant therapy to the patients of the SFMC-high group would be effective for preventing the development of VTE. We are planning to perform another prospective study to examine the protective effects against VTE that are achieved by administering anticoagulant therapy based on the plasma levels of SFMC on POD 1.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Minoru Hattori for statistical support.

COMMENTS
Background

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a significant complication after gastroenterological surgery. Therefore, a diagnostic marker with high sensitivity and specificity that can be used to identify patients at high risk for a hypercoagulable state and subsequent VTE will help to minimize the disadvantages associated with anticoagulant therapy and unnecessary radiography.

Research frontiers

The risk of VTE varies according to the thrombotic risk factors of individual patients; these include age, sex, obesity, cancer, family history, infection, heart disease, respiratory disease, hormone treatment and poor functional status. However, there is no simple maker that detects the hypercoagulable state and the presence of VTE after gastroenterological surgery.

Innovations and breakthroughs

This paper reports that the soluble fibrin monomer complex (SFMC) on POD 1 was more strongly associated with D-dimer elevation on POD 7 than were the clinical risk factors or other fibrin-related markers after gastroenterological surgery.

Applications

SFMC was able to be used as a marker to predict a postoperative hypercoagulable state and subsequent VTE after gastroenterological surgery. The present study also demonstrated the possibility that the plasma levels of SFMC could be used as an indication for anticoagulant therapy for patients who have undergone gastroenterological surgery.

Terminology

SFMC appears in the bloodstream during the extremely early stage of blood coagulation. It reflects the plasmatic activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis.

Peer-review

The authors examined the role of SFMC in the prediction of hypercoagulable state after gastroenterological surgery, and they concluded that the SFMC on POD 1 strongly predicted the hypercoagulable state after gastroenterological surgery than the clinical risk factors and the other fibrin related markers. VTE is serious problem after surgery. This article is thought to be significant for prediction of hypercoagulable state on early phase after gastroenterological surgery.

Footnotes

Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript

Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology

Country of origin: Japan

Peer-review report classification

Grade A (Excellent): 0

Grade B (Very good): 0

Grade C (Good): C

Grade D (Fair): 0

Grade E (Poor): 0

P- Reviewer: Aoyagi K S- Editor: Gong ZM L- Editor: A E- Editor: Wang CH

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