Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients on novel oral anticoagulants: Risk, prevention and management

Table 4 Components of HAS-BLED bleeding risk score

Clinical characteristics	Definition	Points
Hypertension	Systolic blood pressure > 160 mmHg	1
Abnormal liver or renal function	Chronic liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis) or biochemical evidence of significantly impaired liver function (e.g., bilirubin > 2 times the ULN plus one or more liver enzymes > 3 times the ULN	1 or 2
	Chronic dialysis, renal transplantation, or serum creatinine ≥ 200 micromol/L
Stroke	Previous history of stroke	1
Bleeding tendency or predisposition	Bleeding disorder or previous bleeding episode requiring hospitalization or transfusion	1
Labile INRs	Labile INRs in patients taking warfarin	1
	(failure to maintain a therapeutic range at least 60% of the time)
Elderly	Age > 65 years	1
Drugs	Concomitant antiplatelet agents or NSAIDs	1 or 2
	Excessive alcohol use (≥ 8 units per week)

Maximum score is 9. ULN: Upper limit of normal; INR: International normalized ratio; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.