Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease

Table 2 Therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease related to autophagy

Drug	Influence on autophagy	Mechanism related to autophagy
5-ASA	Promotion	Through NF-κB signaling pathway
Corticosteroid	Promotion	Through NF-κB signaling pathway
		Through mTORC1 signaling pathway
		Through overexpression of Bcl-2
		in immature T-lymphocytes
		Osteocyte viability
Thiopurine	Promotion	Clearance of TPMT*3A aggregates
(AZA, 6-MP)		and/or aggregate precursors
		Protective role in hepatocytes
Immunomodulatory drugs	Promotion	Response to toxicity
(CsA, FK506)		Through mTORC1 signaling pathway
Biological drugs	Inhibition	Anti-TNF agents inhibit
(IFX, ADA, etc.)		autophagy (not yet clear)

5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; mTORC1: Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; AZA: Azathioprine; 6-MP: 6-Mercaptopurine; TPMT: Thiopurine S-methyltransferase; CsA: Cyclosporine A; IFX: Infliximab; ADA: Adalimumab; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.