Early complications after interventions in patients with acute pancreatitis

Table 1 Definitions

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome	Occurrence of 2 or more of the followings for > 48 h: pulse > 90 beats/min; rectal temperature < 36 °C or > 38 °C; white blood cell count < 4000 or > 12000/mL; and respirations > 20/min or pCO2 < 32 mmHg
Renal failure	Creatinine level > 177 μmol/L (2 mg/dL) after rehydration or hemofiltration or hemodialysis
Circulatory failure	Systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg despite adequate fluid resuscitation
Respiratory failure	PaO2 60 mmHg or less despite FiO2 of 0.30, or need for mechanical ventilation
Multiple organ failure	Two or more organs failed
Preoperative respiratory infection	Positive sputum culture with or without clinical symptoms
Colonic fistula	Discharge of large-bowel contents from a drain or a drain site or from the surgical wound
Progressive infection	Simmering infection in which the patient has intermittent low-grade fever, with or without leukocytosis and imaging showing incomplete resolution of the necrosis, which may not be accompanied by purulent discharge from the drains
Intra-abdominal bleeding	New fresh blood coming from drainage or wound and blood loss more than 500 mL in 24 h
Respiratory infection	New positive microbiological results of sputum culture after surgery with or without clinical symptoms
Postoperative sepsis	New positive blood culture/aspirate and more than one of the following clinical signs: rectal temperature < 36 °C or > 38 °C, tachycardia > 90/min, tachypnea (respiratory rate > 20/min) or hyperventilation (paCO2 < 4.3 kPa), white blood cell count < 4 × 109/L or > 12 × 109/L, or the presence of more than 10% immature neutrophils