Clinical features of acute hepatitis E super-infections on chronic hepatitis B

Table 6 Risk factors for disease severity in non-cirrhotic hepatitis B virus-hepatitis E virus co-infection

Risk factors	Odds ratio for severe liver diseases
	Odds ratio (95%CI)1	P value1	Odds ratio (95%CI)2	P value2
Non-cirrhotic patients (n = 134)
Male sex	2 (0.8-4.8)	0.135
Age	1 (0.9-1.1)	0.135
Alcohol	3.7 (1.6-8.2)	< 0.01	6.4 (1.3-31.4)	< 0.05
Smoker	2.8 (1.2-6.7)	< 0.05	0.4 (0.1-2.4)	0.341
Potential hepatoxic medications	3 (1.1-8.3)	< 0.05	2 (0.56-7.2)	0.296
Diabetes	4.7 (1.5-14.2)	< 0.01	7.5 (2-28.5)	< 0.01
Hypertension	1.1 (0.3-3.9)	0.839
Respiratory diseases	1.3 (0.3-5.4)	0.732
Kidney diseases	12.5 (2.5-62.3)	< 0.01	12.7 (2.1-76)	< 0.01
Extrahepatic tumors	2.6 (0.2-42.1)	0.509
Other liver disease	0.8 (0.3-2.2)	0.687
HBeAg positive	0.3 (0.1-0.7)	< 0.01	0.4 (0.1-1.3)	0.118
HBV DNA status
HBV DNA < 500 IU/mL	Reference	< 0.01	Reference	< 0.05
500 ≤ HBV DNA < 5 × 105 IU/mL	3 (1.1-8.1)	< 0.05	5.1 (1.4-18.2)	< 0.05
HBV DNA ≥ 5 × 105 IU/mL	0.7 (0.2-1.8)	0.392	2 (0.5-8.6)	0.347
Pre-anti-HBV therapy	0.5 (0.1-2.3)	0.356
Effective	1.3 (0.1-14.4)	0.847
Post-anti-HBV therapy	1.4 (0.6-3.3)	0.493

¹Odds ratio (95%CI) and P value refer to single factor analysis;

²Odds ratio (95%CI) and P value correspond to multivariate logistic regression results. With hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA < 500 IU/mL as reference category respectively. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between various risk factors and severe disease. The severe cases included patients with liver failure, liver decompensation or both; The remaining were regarded as mild cases. Respiratory diseases: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, tuberculosis, phthisis; Kidney diseases: kidney stone, renal cyst, chronic renal insufficiency, chronic glomerulonephritis; Other liver diseases: chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver, autoimmune liver diseases, schistosomiasis, primary hepatic carcinoma, hepatic cyst, hepatic hemangioma. Pre-anti-HBV therapy consisted of nucleos/tide analogues for more than 3 mo before the disease onset; Post-anti-HBV therapy consisted of IFNα within 3 mo from the disease onset; Therapeutic efficacy was defined as HBV DNA reduction by 2 log after stable antiviral treatment for 3 mo.