Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Figure 1 Proposed mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-hepatocellular carcinoma. ¹Mechanism has been identified in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the absence of cirrhosis. IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate-1; M6P/IGF2R: Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor; FFA: Free fatty acids; ROS: Reactive oxidative species; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6: Interleukin-6; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; JNK1: c-Jun amino-terminal kinase 1; PNPLA3: Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3.