Technical advances in external radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 2 The summary of trials conducted using charged particle therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Study	Year	Particle	n	Dose/fraction (Gy/fr)	Local control	Overall survival	Grade≥3 Liver toxicity
Nakayama et al[38], retrospective	2009	Proton	318	55–79.2 CGE/10–22 Fr	NA	5-yr, 45%	None
Komatsu et al[40], retrospective	2011	Proton	242	52.8–84 CGE/4–38 Fr	5-yr, 90%	5-yr, 38%	1%
		Carbon	101	52.8–76 CGE/4–20 Fr	5-yr, 93%	5-yr, 36%	3%
Hata et al[39], retrospective	2006	Proton	19	50–84 Gy/10–24 Fr	1 failure	2-yr, 42%	None
Bush et al[70], phase 2	2011	Proton	76	63 Gy/15 Fr	NA	3-yr, 60%1	None
Hong et al[42], phase 2	2016	Proton	44	58.05–67.5 CGE/15 Fr	2-yr, 95%	2-yr, 63%	2%
Bush et al[43], randomized	2016	Proton	33	70.2 Gy/15 Fr	2-yr, 88%	2-yr, 48%1	None

¹Progression-free survival. CGE: Cobalt gray equivalent; NA: Not available.