Mechanisms of drug resistance in colon cancer and its therapeutic strategies

Table 1 Selective anticancer drug substrates and inhibitors of ATP-binding cassette transporters P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and breast cancer resistance protein

Transporters	Anticancer drug substrates	Inhibitors	Ref.
P-gp (ABCB1)	Actinomycin D, bisantrene, colchicine, daunorubicin, dasatinib, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, imatinib, irinotecan, mitoxantrone, nilotinib, paclitaxel, saquinavir, teniposide, topotecan, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine	Biricodar, chloroquine, cryptotanshinone, curcumin, cyclosporin A, dexverapamil, dihydrotanshinone, dofequidar, laniquidar, nifedipine, quinidine, sipholenol A, tamoxifen, tariquidar, valspodar, verapamil, zosuquidar	[12,66-68,132,133]
MRP1 (ABCC1)	Colchicine, doxorubicin, etoposide, imatinib, irinotecan, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, saquinavir, topotecan, vinblastine, vincristine	Biricodar, celecoxib, curcumin, dinaciclib, dofequidar, flavonoids, ibrutinib, myricetin, sulindac, tariquidar	[133-141]
BCRP (ABCG2)	Bisantrene, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, etoposide, gefitinib, imatinib, irinotecan, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, SN-38, teniposide, topotecan, vincristine	Biricodar, corticosterone, curcumin, cyclosporin A, elacridar, gefitinib, imatinib, ketoconazole, lopinavir, nifedipine, quercetin, rotenoids, stilbenoids, tariquidar, tectochrysin	[12,142-146]

BCRP: Breast cancer resistance protein; MRP1: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1; P-gp: P-glycoprotein.