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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Gastroenterol. Jan 21, 2016; 22(3): 1088-1100
Published online Jan 21, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1088
Table 4 Environmental factors and course of inflammatory bowel disease
AuthorStudy settingEffect on CDEffect on UC
Ott et al[89], 2014, GermanyCohort studyIR of EIMNA
CD - 161
UC - 96
Outcome - Smoking and EIM
Feagins et al[101], 2014, United StatesCase-control studyNA with NSAID, antibiotics, stress, smoking, infection and travel in past 3 mo
Active IBD - 166
IBD in remission - 68
Outcome - triggers for flare of IBD
Ananthakrishnan et al[97], 2013, United StatesMulti-institutional cohort study, CD - 5405, UC - 5429IR of surgery with psychiatric comorbidityNA of surgery with psychiatric comorbidity
Outcome - psychiatric comorbidity and surgery and hospitalisation in CD and UC
Bernstein et al[93], 2010, CanadaPopulation-based cohortIR of flare - High perceived stress
IBD - 704NA with flare - NSAID, antibiotics, non-enteric infection
Outcome - risk factors for flare
Follow-up - 1 yr
Packer et al[110], 2010Systematic review, 7 studiesPhysical activity significantly increased quality of life and decreased disease activity
Outcome - Physical activity and course of IBD
Bitton et al[95], 2008, CanadaCohort study,IR with stress/avoidance coping, higher CRP, fistulising disease behaviour, disease confined to the colon
101 patients with CD in remission
Outcome - biopsychosocial factors and relapse
Follow-up - 1 yr
Takeuchi et al[25], 2006, United KingdomCase seriesIR of flare with non-selective NSAID
IBD - 209
Outcome - risk of flare with NSAID
Sandborn et al[100], 2006, United StatesRCT - Celecoxib vs placebo for 2 wkNo significant difference between celecoxib (3%) and placebo group (4%)
UC - 222
Outcome - exacerbation during 2 wk
Persoons et al[96], 2005, BelgiumCohort studyMajor depressive disorder associated with reduced response to infliximab
CD - 100
Outcome - major depressive disorder and response to infliximab
Cosnes et al[103], 1999, FranceCohort studyNA between OCP use and disease flare
CD - 331
Outcome - OCP and flare of CD
Follow-up -12 to 18 mo
Cosnes et al[87], 1999, FranceCohort studyIR of flare - Current smokers
CD - 622NA with flare - Obesity, dyslipidemia and alcohol consumption
Outcome - risk factors for flare of CD
Follow-up -12 to 18 mo
Boyko et al[117], 1998, United StatesUC - 209, compared smokers with non-smokersDR of hospitalisation
Outcome: Smoking and course of UCNA with colectomy rates