Endothelial dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases: Pathogenesis, assessment and implications

Table 1 Factors released by endothelium

Factors regulating vascular tension		Factors regulating angiogenesis and cells proliferation		Factors regulating coagulation and fibrinolysis		Factors regulating inflammatory process
Vasodilating effect	Vasoconstricting effect	Inhibition of proliferation	Stimulation of proliferation	Anticoagulant effect	Prothrombotic effect	Anti-inflammatory effect	Proinflammatory effect
Adrenomedullin (ADM)	Angiotensin II (AT II)	Extracellular proteases inhibitors	Adenosine (Ado)	Antithrombin III (AT III)	ET-1	NO	Adhesion molecules
Bradykinin (BK)	Endothelin-1 (ET-1)	NO	AT II	Heparan sulfate	PAF	PGI2	Chemokines
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)	Platelet-activating factor (PAF)	PGI2	ET-1	NO	Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1)		Cytokines
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)	Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2)	Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)	Heparan sulfate	PGI2	ROS		Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)
Nitric oxide (NO)	Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)		Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)	Protein C (PC)	Tissue factor (TF)
Prostacyclin (PGI2)	Reactive oxygen species (ROS)		Interleukins (Il)	Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)	TXA2
			ROS	Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)	Von Willebrand factor (VWF)
			Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)	Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)