Pathophysiological role of guanylate-binding proteins in gastrointestinal diseases

Table 1 Expression and functions of guanylate-binding protein-1

GBP-1 expression
Inflammatory bowel diseases	Expressed in UC and CD[15,20,21]
	Expression in epithelial cells, endothelial cells and immune cells[15,21]
Colorectal carcinoma	Expression in the stroma and partially in tumor cells[15,19]
	Associated with Th1-dominated angiostatic micromilieu and improved survival[19,31]
Functions of GBP-1
Endothelial cells	Anti-angiogenic, inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and spreading; protection against apoptosis[16,44,46,47,50]
Intestinal epithelial cells	Inhibits proliferation; protection against apoptosis[20,43]
Colon tumor cells	Inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor growth in vivo; no induction of apoptosis (but partially required)[9]
T-cells	Inhibition of spreading and early T-cell receptor signaling[54]

GBP: Guanylate-binding protein; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease.