Towards safe injection practices for prevention of hepatitis C transmission in South Asia: Challenges and progress

Table 4 Injection use and safety of injections in South Asia 1995-2016

Ref.	Annual ratio of injections per capita	Received an injection	Therapeutic	Injection reuse byinterview7	Injection reuse byobserving	Overall unsafe
India
Rajasekaran et al[37]	2.4	60.6%1	87%	64.6%
IPEN study group[40]	2.91-5.8	27.1%1/44.1%3	82.5%		31.6%	62.9%
Murhekar et al[36]	3	21.9%1	91%	6.5%
Kotwal et al[34]	5.1	45.6%1	71.2%	56.5%	77.5%
Anand et al[38]	2.45	35%4	40%-100%			45%
Lakshman et al[35]		89%3	100%		73%-99%	99%
Becker et al[66]	3.5	67.7%6
Kermode et al[67]	8.6	15%2	68%			31%
Kermode et al[41]		43%2 (Patients)	100%			7.6%
		13.3%1 (Relatives)
Pandit NB	0.2	21.6%6				77%
Shah et al[68]						64.1%
Bhargo et al[43]						76.7%
Garapati et al[44]	0.72				14.3%
Pakistan
Raglow et al[22]	8.4	51%5	100%	48%	16%
Janjua et al[23]	13.6	68%1	94%	46%
Janjua et al[26]		74%1
Janjua et al[23]		55%3			47%
Janjua et al[27]		51%6		4%
Yousafzai et al[25]						87%
Khan et al[6]		81%3		90%	94%
Mantel et al[70]					12%	65%
PDHS 2012-13[24]	F:5.4/M:4.9	F:61%/M: 53%6		F:15%/M:10%
Bangladesh
Gibney et al[71]		39.7%6	100%
Shill et al[51]	4.88
Chowdhury et al[50]		77.7%			15.5%
Sri Lanka
Rannan-Eliya et al[59]		3%3
Nepal
Gyawali et al[54]
Gyawali et al[52]	2.37	10.4%1	97.1%

¹During last 3 mo;

²During last 4 wk;

³Current visit from prescription review;

⁴Six months;

⁵Past one week;

⁶Past one year;

⁷Syringe that has been used on multiple patients, not opened in front of patient is considered unsafe; some studies performed direct observations while other relied on the patient recall; F: Females; M: Males.