Towards safe injection practices for prevention of hepatitis C transmission in South Asia: Challenges and progress

Table 3 Characteristic of injection use studies in South Asia 1995-2016

Ref.	Study type	Setting	Study base	City/province	n	Sampling	Year	Year
							conducted	published
India
Rajasekaran et al[37]	Population survey	Both	3 areas	Tamil Nadu	175	Convenience	2001	2003
IPEN study group[40]	Population survey	Both	Whole country	whole country	23997	Cluster sampling	2002-2003	2004
IPEN study group[40]	Patients exit interview and observations	Both	Whole country	whole country	6015	Cluster sampling	2002-2004	2004
Murhekar et al[36]	Population survey		Island	Nicobar Island	210	Cluster sampling	-	2004
Kotwal et al[34]	Population survey	Both	City	Delhi	150	Cluster sampling random	2003	2004
Anand et al[38]	Population survey	Rural	1 village	Haryana State	1280	Systematic sampling	-	2001
Lakshman et al[35]	Patients exit interview and observations	Both	15 miles around a town	Tamil Nadu	400	Consecutive patients	-	2000
Becker et al[66]	Population survey	Both	1 district	Karnataka	4949	Cluster sampling	2003	2005
Kermode et al[67]	Population survey	Urban	2 cities	New Delhi and Imphal	200	Convenience	2004	2006
Kermode et al[41]	Patients and relatives survey	Rural	2 hospitals	Bihar and Jharkhand	280 patients,	Systematic sampling, convenience	2004-2005	2006
					120 relatives
Pandit et al[42]	Population survey	Both	1 District	Anand	182 HF1	Stratified and simple random	2004	2008
					2080
Shah et al[68]	Providers interview	Both	1 district	Gujarat	251	Random sampling	2012-2013	2014
Bhargo et al[43]	Providers interview	Urban	1 district	Gwalior	30	Convenience	2012-2013	2014
Garapati et al[44]	Providers interview and observation	Both	1 district	Andhra Pradeh	300	Convenience	2010-2011	2014
Bendale et al[69]	Hospital survey	Urban	1 district	Maharashtra	20 sites	Random sampling		2015
Pakistan
Raglow et al[22]	Survey of OPD patients	Urban	Patients	Karachi	198	Consecutive patients	1995	2001
Janjua et al[23]	Population survey	Both	2 districts	Sindh	1150	Cluster sampling random	2001	2005
Janjua et al[29]	Population survey	Both	2 districts	Sindh	1150	Cluster sampling random	2001	2006
Janjua et al[26]	Patients exit interview and observations	Both	3 districts	Sindh	2124	Random sample of clinics	2004-2005	UP
Janjua et al[27]	Population survey	Both	Whole country	Whole country	10023	Cluster sampling	2006-2007	2014
Yousafzai et al[25]	Provider survey	Urban	City	Karachi	317	Convenience	2006	2013
Khan et al[6]	Patients exit interview and observations	Peri-urban	1 village	Sindh	203	consecutive patients	1995	2000
Mantel et al[70]2	Patients exit interview	Both	8 districts	3 provinces		Random sample of clinics	2002	UP
PDHS 2012-13[24]	Population survey 15-49 years of age	Both	National		F: 13558	Cluster sampling random	2012-2013	2014
					M: 3134
Bangladesh
Gibney et al[71]	Risk factor study	Urban	Truck stand	Dhaka	387	Cluster sampling random	1999	2001
Shill et al[51]	Provider interviews and facility records	Rural	Primary Health Care Centres	Dhaka	6	Convenience sample	2009	2011
Chowdhury et al[50]	Provider interviews, FGD, observations and prescription review		Primary Health Care Centres	National	Prescription: 4320	Cluster sampling	2008-09	2013
					Injection events: 480
Sri Lanka
Rannan-Eliya et al[59]	Patients exit interview	Both	National	Sri Lanka	2100	Random sample of clinics	2000	2003
Nepal
Gyawali et al[54]	Survey of pharmacies	Urban	City	Pokhara	54	Convenience sample	2012	2014
Gyawali et al[52]	Population survey	Both	1 district	Kaski	2470	Stratified sampling	2012	2014

¹Health Facilities;

²Included only public sector facilities. UP: Unpublished; F: Females; M: Males.