Phosalone-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in the colon: Evaluation and treatment

Figure 2 Histological images of colon tissues from normal, ellagic acid and experimental groups. In control group, different parts of the colon tissue are healthy. There are no erosions or ulcers in epithelium. It cannot be seen any necroses and inflammation cells in mucus and mucosal glands in the lamina propria. The mucus thickness, the size of the glands, the muscle layer of mucosal and serous is normal. No degeneration, swelling and goblet cells are observable (A). In ellagic acid (EA) group, the following are normal, the mucosal, the goblet gland cells, epithelium, the mucosa thickness and the size of the glands. There are no ulcers, necrosis hyperplasia and inflammation cells such as neutrophils or lymphocytes. It cannot be observed any degeneration, swelling and goblet cells. The serous is normal without any adherent (B). In 1/3 LD₅₀ phosalone group, no necrosis and ulcer are visible in epithelium. The mucosal glands are normal but severe degeneration of mucosal muscle cells and muscle layers is observable. In addition to hyperemia, there is a significant infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and plasma cells between the mucosal glands. There is no fibrosis and serous adhesion (C). In 1/3 LD₅₀ phosalone group and EA, no necrosis and ulcer are visible in epithelium. The mucosal glands are normal but mild degeneration of mucosal muscle cells and muscle layers is observable. The level of degeneration and inflammation is less than 1/3 LD₅₀ phosalone group. There is a very mild inflammation due to lymphocytes infiltration between mucosal glands. There is no serous adhesion (D). In 1/5 LD₅₀ phosalone group, no necrosis and ulcer are visible in epithelium. The mucosal glands are normal but relatively severe degeneration of mucosal muscle cells and muscle layers is observable. In addition to hyperemia, there is a significant infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and plasma cells between the mucosal glands. There is no fibrosis and serous adhesion (E). In 1/5 LD₅₀ phosalone group and EA, no necrosis and ulcer are visible in epithelium. The mucosal glands are normal but mild degeneration of mucosal muscle cells and muscle layers is observable. The level of degeneration is less than 1/5 LD₅₀ phosalone group. There is a very mild inflammation due to lymphocytes infiltration between mucosal glands. There is no serous adhesion (F). In 1/10 LD₅₀ phosalone group, no necrosis and ulcer is present in epithelial. The mucosal glands are normal but significant degeneration of muscle cells and mucosal layer is observable. In addition to hyperemia, there is a mild infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes between the mucosal glands. There is no fibrosis and serous adhesion (G). In 1/10 LD₅₀ phosalone group and EA, no necrosis and ulcer are visible in epithelium. The mucosal glands are normal but mild degeneration of mucosal muscle cells and muscle layers is observable. The level of degeneration is less than 1/10 LD₅₀ phosalone group. There is a very mild inflammation due to lymphocytes infiltration between mucosal glands. There is no serous adhesion (H). In 1/20 LD₅₀ phosalone group, there is no evidence of necroses, ulcer or inflammation in epithelium. Mucosal glands are normal but a mild degeneration is observable in muscle cells in mucosal layer. A mild diapedesis, hyperemia and inflammation in mucosal is visible. There is no fibrosis and serous adhesion (I). In 1/20 LD₅₀ phosalone group and EA, no necrosis and ulcer are visible in epithelium. The mucosal glands are normal but mild degeneration of mucosal muscle cells and muscle layers is observable. The level of degeneration is less than 1/20 LD₅₀ phosalone group. There is no inflammation in different layers (J). ML: Muscular layer; SM: SubMucosa; M: Mucosa; G: Gland; E: Epithelium.