Predictors of poor outcome in gastrointestinal bleeding in emergency department

Table 2 Upper endoscopy results, treatment modalities and mortality rates

Forrest classification[4]	n (%)	Medical treatment	Endoscopic treatment1	Surgery	Angiographic embolization	Exitus
Spurting hemorrhage (1a)	41 (12.2)	0	39	0	2	0
Oozing hemorrhage (1b)	41 (12.2)	0	39	2	0	2
Visible vessel (2a)	16 (4.8)	2	13	1	0	1
Adherent clot (2b)	16 (4.8)	5	9	2	0	1
Flat pigmented hematin on ulcer base (2c)	3 (0.9)	3	0	0	0	0
Lesions without signs of recent hemorrhage/fibrin-covered clean ulcer base (3)	218 (65.1)	216	0	22	0	23
Total	335 (100)	226	100	7	2	6

¹Sclerotherapy, laser, argon plasma coagulation, mechanical modalities;

²Patients who underwent surgery due to gastric malignancy;

³Causes of mortality include septic shock and pneumonia; Forrest classification is a classification that attempt to standardize the characterization of peptic ulcers.