Comparison of pediatric and adult antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infections

Table 1 Comparison of epidemiologic factors for pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea vs adult antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pediatric Clostridium difficile infections vs adult Clostridium difficile infections

Characteristics	Pediatric AAD rate/100 (n/total)	Ref.	Adult AAD rate/100 unless noted (n/total)	Ref.	Pediatric CDI rate/10000 (n/total)	Ref.	Adult CDI rate/10000 (n/total)	Ref.
Incidence:	29 (42/144)1	Shan[93]	7 (14/204)1	Duman[158]	22	Sathyendan[38]	4.3 pd3	Stevens[173]
Inpatient	80 (8/10)1	Jirapinyo[151]	9 (10/112)1	Selinger[112]	5.8 ad3	Chen[167]	5.4 py4	Vesteinsdottir[73]
			9.6 (67/743)2	Elseviers[37]	6.5 pd4	Kim[168]	5.7 hd2	Wenisch[102]
			10.4 (153/1471)1	Allen[159]	6.8 v3	Benson[70]	10 pd2	Hsu[103]
			13 (13/98)1	Pozzoni[160]	12.8 ad4	Zilberberg[5]	12 py5	Kuntz[174]
			15 (14/96)1	McFarland[96]	13.4 pd5	de Blank[69]	29.2 pd2	McFarland[121]
			19 (48/257)1	Li[161]	31.5 d4	Deshpande[169]	72 ad5	Zilberberg[7]
			22 (14/64)1	Surawicz[162]	135.0 ad3	Duleba[18]	1282	Huang[65]
			23 (55/242)2	Lusk[36]	416.71	Shan[93]	131 ad6	Jarvis[175]
			25 (41/167)1	Ouwehand[163]			1000 (93/30)1	Dietrich[23]
			29 (42/144)1	Shan[93]			2080 (83/399)2	McFarland[45]
			33 (10/30)1	Dietrich[23]
Outpatient	6.2 (14/225)2	Damrongmanne[76]	7.7/100000 py5	Hirschhorn[164]	143	Benson[70]	1.15	Fellmeth[75]
	11 (71/650)2	Turck[63]	12/100000 py2	Levy[165]	200 (1/58)1	Arvola[21]	1.22	Levy[165]
	16 (9/58)1	Arvola[21]	15/1005	Yapar[80]	390 (12/306)1	Boenning[170]	11.1 py5	Kuntz[174]
	24 (8/33)1	Ahmad[152]			780 (9/115)1	Hyams[171]
	26 (25/95)1	Vanderhoof[34]			790 (6/76)2	Mitchell[85]
	29 (22/76)2	Mitchell[85]
	52 (13/25)1	Saneeyan[153]
	59 (16/27)1	Seki[154]
	62 (31/50)1	La Rosa[155]
	75 (27/36)1	Fox[156]
Mixed in- and out-patients	17 (20/120)1	Ruszczyński[78]	2.5/100000 v2	Meropol[166]	1.45	Khanna[40]	2.5 py5	Khanna[17]
	23 (29/127)1	Kotowska[157]			2.14	Wendt[4]	5.42	Vesteinsdottir[73]
					60 (1/161)1	Destura[172]
					600 (7/120)1	Ruszczyński[78]
					800 (10/127)1	Kotowska[157]
Setting	NR		NR		25%	Khanna[40]	21%	Garg[178]
Health-care facility associated (HCFA) (% cases)					46%	Crews[12]	53%	Leung[179]
					48%	Sammons[44]	59%	Khanna[17]
					65%	Pai[71]	68%	Zilberberg[7]
					69%	Sandora[66]	89%	McFarland[45]
					71%	Tschudin-Sutter[72]	92%	Kazadova[180]
					74%	Schwartz[176]
Community-acquired (CA) (% cases)	NR		NR		19%	Tschudin-Sutter[72]	8%	Kazadova[180]
					25%	Sandora[66]	11%	McFarland[121]
					26%	Schwartz[176]	23%	Zilberberg[7]
					29%	Pai[71]	27%	Vesteinsdottir[73]
					30%	Samady[68]	33%	Garg[178]
					39%	Kociolek[177]	34%	Kutty[87]
					41%	Crews[12]	41%	Khanna[17]
					52%	Duleba[18]	43%	Leung[179]
					54%	Sammons[44]
					67%	Benson[70]
					71%	Wendt[4]
					75%	Khanna[40]
					96%	Søes[43]
Long term care facility acquired	NR		NR		NR	--	46%	Garg[178]
Age	18 (4-31) mo	Shan[93]	49 yr	Lusk[36]	1.5 yr	Shan[93]	59 yr	Stevens[173]
mean (range)	25 ± 9 mo	Mitchell[85]	72 yr	Elseviers[37]	2 yr	Khanna[40]	61 yr	El Feghaly[182]
	48 mo	Vanderhoof[34]			2 yr	Chen[167]	62 yr	Huang[65]
					2 yr	Duleba[18]	64 yr	Muto[59]
					3 yr	Pai[71]	64 yr	Kim[98]
					3 yr	Hart[54]	65 yr	Vesteinsdottir[73]
					3-6 yr	Kociolek[177]	66 yr	McFarland[121]
					4 yr	Kim[115]	68 yr	Khanna[17]
					5.4 yr	Morinville[100]	70 yr	McFarland[64]
					6 yr	Sammons[44]	71 yr	Garg[178]
					6.5 yr	Schwartz[176]	74 yr	Wenisch[102]
					6.5 yr	Wendt[4]	74 yr	Tabak[117]
					6.7 yr	Na[13]	75 yr	Loo[57]
					7 yr	Crews[12]	77 yr	Eyre[118]
					8 yr	Nylund[181]
					9 yr	Nylund[14]
					10 yr	Deshpande[169]
Gender	56%	Vanderhoof[34]	46%	Elseviers[37]	39%	Crews[12]	47%	Kim[98]
(% female)			48%	Lusk[36]	41%	Kociolek[177]	47%	Loo[57]
					42%	Schwartz[176]	47%	El Feghaly[182]
					46%	Hart[54]	49%	Carignan[183]
					46%	Khanna[40]	49%	Muto[59]
					46%	Kim[115]	49%	Stevens[173]
					46%	Morinville[100]	53%	Tabak[117]
					47%	Chen[167]	58%	Eyre[118]
					47%	Wendt[4]	63%	Garg[178]
					47%	de Blank[69]	64%	Huang[65]
					48%	Nylund[14]	64%	Wenisch[102]
					48%	Søes[43]	64%	Vesteinsdottir[73]
					49%	Sammons[44]	66%	Fellmeth[75]
					49%	Duleba[18]	66%	Crabtree[184]
					49%	Pai[71]	67%	Khanna[17]
					49%	Na[13]
Race:	NR		NR		59%	Sathyendan[38]	NR
Caucasian					65%	Sammons[44]
Outbreaks	n = 18	Kim[41]	NR		n = 6	Cartwright[48]	n = 6	See[185]
(number of cases)					n = 6	Ferroni[47]	n = 15	Lam[61]
					n = 13	Kim[41]	n = 21	Gaynes[55]
							n = 98-174	Johnson[56]
							n = 253	Muto[59]
							n = 293	Pépin[58]
							n = 1269	Jump[60]
							n = 1703	Loo[57]
Ribotype	NR		NR		0%	von Müller[51]	6.60%	Wenisch[102]
NAP1/027/BI prevalence					0%	Stoesser[52]	18%	Scardina[186]
					0%	Sathyendan[38]	28%	See[107]
					< 1%	Kociolek[177]	31%	Miller[62]
					< 1%	Søes[43]	31%	von Müller[51]
					11%	Schwartz[176]	50%	Toltzis[50]
					11%	Kim[98]
					19%	Toltzis[50]
					20%	Duleba[18]

¹Data from control group of randomized control trial;

²Data from prospective cohort study of hospital or community population;

³Data from retrospective review of limited number of hospitals;

⁴Data from population-based surveillance;

⁵Data from retrospective review of national database or several hospitals or population-based;

⁶Data from national point-prevalence survey. References are given by last name of first author and citation number in brackets. ad: Admissions; AAD: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea; CDI: Clostridium difficile infection; d: Discharges; hd: Hospital-days; NR: Not reported; pd: Patient-days; pop: Population; py: Person-years; v: Visits.