Nuclear magnetic resonance based metabolomics and liver diseases: Recent advances and future clinical applications

Table 2 Examples of metabolite changes involved in liver diseases in nuclear magnetic resonance based metabolomics approaches

Metabolites	Variation	Model/pathology	Sample	Ref.
2OH butyrate	-	HBV vs HEV	Plasma	[36]
3OH butyrate	+	ximelagatran toxicity	Plasma	[37]
3OH butyrate	+	Cirrhosis (HBV/alcohol) vs controls	Serum	[24]
Acetate	+	acetaminophen toxicity	Urine	[14]
Acetate	+	HCC vs cirrhosis	Serum	[29]
Acetate	-	Cirrhosis severity	Serum	[20]
Acetoacetate	-	Cirrhosis and encephalopathy	Serum	[26]
Acetoacetate	+	Cirrhosis (HBV/alcohol) vs controls	Serum	[24]
Acetoacetate	-	HBV vs alcohol cirrhosis	Serum	[24]
Acetoacetate	-	HBV vs control	Urine	[36]
Acetoacetate	+	AIH vs healthy, PBC, OS and DILI	Plasma	[17]
Acetone	-	HEV vs control	Plasma	[36]
Acetone	+	Cirrhosis (HBV/alcohol) vs controls	Serum	[24]
Acetone	-	Decompensated vs compensated cirrhosis	Serum	[25]
acetone	-	HCC vs Cirrhosis vs controls	Urine	[31]
Acetone	+	AIH vs healthy, PBC, OS and DILI	Plasma	[17]
bile acids	+	Cholangicarcinoma vs other causes	Bile	[38]
Bile acids	+	HCC vs adjacent tissue	Liver tissue	[39]
Carnitine	-	HBV vs control	Plasma	[36]
Citrate	+	AIH vs healthy, PBC, OS and DILI	Plasma	[17]
Choline	-	fibrosis vs cirrhosis	liver tissue	[21]
Choline	+	HCC vs adjacent tissue	liver tissue	[39]
Choline, P-choline	-	Cirrhosis severity	serum	[20]
Creatine	+	AIH vs healthy, PBC, OS and DILI	Plasma	[17]
Creatine	+	high grade HCC vs low grade HCC	Liver tissue	[39]
Dimethylamine	+	AIH vs healthy, PBC, OS and DILI	Plasma	[17]
Fatty acids	-	Biliary tract cancer	Bile	[33]
Fatty acids	-	Non fonctionnal vs fonctionnal graft after liver transplantation	Blood (extraction)	[34]
fatty acids	-	Cirrhosis and encephalopathy	Serum	[26]
fatty acids (HDL)	-	Cirrhosis severity	Serum	[20]
fatty acids (HDL)	-	HCC vs cirrhosis	Serum	[29]
Glutamine	+	AIH vs healthy, PBC, OS and DILI	Plasma	[17]
Glycerol	+	HEV vs control	Plasma	[36]
Glycerol	+	Cirrhosis and encephalopathy	Serum	[26]
GPC	-	mild vs moderate fibrosis vs cirrhosis	Liver tissue	[40]
GPC	+	HCC vs adjacent tissue	Liver tissue	[39]
GPC/P-choline	-	Cirrhosis (HBV/alcohol) vs controls	Serum	[24]
Histidine	+	AIH vs healthy, PBC, OS and DILI	Plasma	[17]
Isobutyrate	+	Cirrhosis (HBV/alcohol) vs controls	Serum	[24]
Isobutyrate	+	HBV vs alcohol cirrhosis	Serum	[24]
LDL	-	Cirrhosis (HBV/alcohol) vs controls	Serum	[24]
LDL	-	decompensated vs compensated cirrhosis	Serum	[25]
lipids	-	HCC vs adjacent tissue	Liver tissue	[39]
lipids	-	high grade HCC vs low grade HCC	Liver tissue	[39]
OH-butyrate	-	Cirrhosis severity	Serum	[20]
P-choline	+	Fibrosis vs cirrhosis	Liver tissue	[21]
P-choline	-	Mild vs moderate fibrosis vs cirrhosis	Liver tissue	[40]
P-choline	+	HCC vs adjacent tissue	Liver tissue	[39]
P-choline	+	Cirrhosis and encephalopathy	Serum	[26]
P-choline/GPC	-	High grade HCC vs low grade HCC	Liver tissue	[39]
Pdt-choline	+	Cholangicarcinoma vs non cancer	Bile	[38]
Pdt-choline	-	Mild vs moderate fibrosis vs cirrhosis	Liver tissue	[40]
P-ethanolamine	+	HCC vs adjacent tissue	Liver tissue	[39]
P-ethanolamine	+	High grade HCC vs low grade HCC	Liver tissue	[39]
P-ethanolamine	+	Fibrosis vs cirrhosis	Liver tissue	[21]
PUFA	-	Mild vs moderate fibrosis vs cirrhosis	Liver tissue	[40]
Pyruvate	+	AIH vs healthy, PBC, OS and DILI	Plasma	[17]
Saturation index	+	Mild vs moderate fibrosis vs cirrhosis	Liver tissue	[40]
Total lipids	+, -	Mild vs moderate fibrosis vs cirrhosis	Liver tissue	[40]
Total choline/lipids	-	Mild vs moderate fibrosis vs cirrhosis	Liver tissue	[40]
Unsaturated FA	+	Fibrose vs cirrhose	Liver tissue	[21]
Unsaturated FA	+	Cirrhosis (HBV/Alcohol) vs controls	Serum	[24]
VLDL	-	Cirrhosis (HBV/Alcohol) vs controls	Serum	[24]
VLDL	-	Decompensated vs compensated cirrhosis	Serum	[25]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HBE: Hepatitis E virus; HBC: Hepatitis C virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; OS: Overleap syndrome; PBC: Primary biliary cirrhosis; DILI: Drug induced liver injury; FA: Fatty acid; HDL: High density lipoproteins; LDL: Low density lipoproteins; VLDL: Very low density lipoproteins; P-choline: Phospho-choline; GPC: Glycerol-phospho-choline; P-ethanolamine: Phosphor-ethanolamine; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Pdt-choline: Phosphatidylcholine.